Question 1

Question: 1

1. Chinatown is an example of a

A. functional region.
B. nodal region.
C. perceptual region.
D. formal region.
E. uniform region.

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

Chinatown is an example of a

Question 2

Question: 2

2. The map created by Lewis and Clark could be called a

A. thematic map.
B. choropleth map.
C. graduated circle map.
D. general purpose map.
E. topographic map.

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

The map created by Lewis and Clark could be called a

Question 3

Question: 3

3. If you wanted to see the location of the city building in Seattle, Washington, you would need a

A. large-scale map.
B. small-scale map.
C. topographic map.
D. graduated circle map.
E. choropleth map.

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

If you wanted to see the location of the city building in Seattle, Washington, you would need a

Question 4

Question: 4

4. Human geography is the study of

A. the physical processes of the Earth.
B. who lives where, how they live, and why they live there.
C. the psychology of the human race using maps.
D. the culture of the human race minus environmental influences.
E. how humans evolved through time.

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

Human geography is the study of

Question 5

Question: 5

5. The Christian religion in South America first spread by

A. stimulus diffusion.
B. relocation diffusion.
C. contagious diffusion.
D. hierarchical diffusion.
E. force.

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

The Christian religion in South America first spread by

Question 6

Question: 6

1. The three largest population clusters in the world are in

A. East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia.
B. East Asia, South Asia, South America.
C. Africa, South Asia, East Asia.
D. Australia, South Asia, East Asia.
E. Australia, East Asia, Europe.

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

The three largest population clusters in the world are in

Question 7

Question: 7

2. In what stage of the demographic transition model are most LDCs?

A. First
B. Second
C. Third
D. Fourth
E. Fifth

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

In what stage of the demographic transition model are most LDCs?

Question 8

Question: 8

3. Which one of the following demographic statistics best measures the level of reproduction occurring in a population?

A. Composite birth statistics
B. Natal rate
C. CDR
D. CBR
E. TFR

Correct Answer: E

Explanation:

Which one of the following demographic statistics best measures the level of reproduction occurring in a population?

Question 9

Question: 9

4. Which one of the following statements is a law of migration according to E. G. Ravenstein?

A. Most migration is urban to rural.
B. Most migrants move a great distance.
C. Every migration flow creates a return or counter migration.
D. Most migrants consist of families.
E. Most international migrants are senior citizens.

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

Which one of the following statements is a law of migration according to E. G. Ravenstein?

Question 10

Question: 10

5. Which one of the following statements is most characteristic of a refugee?

A. They usually move with official documentation.
B. Their first steps are often made on foot, by boat, wagon, or bicycle.
C. They take all of their physical possessions with them.
D. Their chief motivation is to get new jobs.
E. They move at a leisurely pace.

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

Which one of the following statements is most characteristic of a refugee?

Question 11

Question: 11

1. The process by which the English language diffused throughout India under British colonial rule was

A. assimilation.
B. hierarchical diffusion.
C. expansion diffusion.
D. contagious diffusion.
E. stimulus diffusion.

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

The process by which the English language diffused throughout India under British colonial rule was

Question 12

Question: 12

2. When an ethnic group completely blends with the larger society, it is called

A. assimilation.
B. expansion diffusion.
C. hierarchical diffusion.
D. contagious diffusion.
E. acculturation.

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

When an ethnic group completely blends with the larger society, it is called

Question 13

Question: 13

3. Which one of the following is the best example of a cultural landscape of pop culture?

A. Central business district (CBD)
B. Commercial strip
C. Shopping mall
D. Hotel and convention complex
E. Bed-and-breakfast

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

Which one of the following is the best example of a cultural landscape of pop culture?

Question 14

Question: 14

4. The standardization of location that erases cultural variety can result in

A. place image.
B. popular culture.
C. folk culture.
D. placelessness.
E. a sense of place.

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

The standardization of location that erases cultural variety can result in

Question 15

Question: 15

5. Which of the following world religions is one that proselytizes, or actively seeks converts?

A. Judaism
B. Hinduism
C. Animism
D. Shamanism
E. Buddhism

Correct Answer: E

Explanation:

Which of the following world religions is one that proselytizes, or actively seeks converts?

Question 16

Question: 16

1. Which one of the following is the best example of a nation-state?

A. Germany
B. Italy
C. Vietnam
D. Japan
E. England

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

Which one of the following is the best example of a nation-state?

Question 17

Question: 17

2. A part of a country that is separated from the main country by the territory of another country is

A. an island.
B. ghetto.
C. an enclave.
D. a peninsula.
E. a colony.

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

A part of a country that is separated from the main country by the territory of another country is

Question 18

Question: 18

3. The celebration of a national holiday is an example of

A. centrifugal force.
B. centripetal force.
C. terrorism.
D. insurgency.
E. revolution.

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

The celebration of a national holiday is an example of

Question 19

Question: 19

4. Mackinder's heartland-rimland theory predicted

A. the Muslim takeover of the world.
B. the rise of British colonialism.
C. that the Japanese would conquer the Pacific Rim.
D. that a nation from Eurasia would conquer the world.
E. the rise of nationalism in Europe.

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

Mackinder's heartland-rimland theory predicted

Question 20

Question: 20

5. What would probably be the easiest shape of a state for national defense?

A. Compact
B. Elongated
C. Prorupt
D. Fragmented
E. Perforated

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

What would probably be the easiest shape of a state for national defense?

Question 21

Question: 21

1. The practice of shifting cultivation is

A. slash and burn agriculture.
B. agribusiness.
C. found primarily in the tundra regions.
D. commercial agriculture.
E. pastoralism.

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

The practice of shifting cultivation is

Question 22

Question: 22

2. The Green Revolution introduced the use of

A. maize.
B. chemical fertilizers.
C. mechanization.
D. slash-and-burn agriculture.
E. organic farming methods.

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

The Green Revolution introduced the use of

Question 23

Question: 23

3. Which one of the following statements does NOT correctly describe plantations?

A. They are usually found in tropical regions.
B. They often employ alien laborers.
C. They usually specialize in producing one crop.
D. The soil type is the main element determining what a plantation produces.
E. They satisfy a demand in temperate regions for tropical crops like sugar, bananas, or coffee.

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

Which one of the following statements does NOT correctly describe plantations?

Question 24

Question: 24

4. All of the following factors are serious negative consequences of the Green Revolution EXCEPT

A. excessive salinity of soils.
B. serious groundwater depletion.
C. increased crop production.
D. loss of traditional agricultural practices.
E. loss of traditional crop varieties (land races).

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

All of the following factors are serious negative consequences of the Green Revolution EXCEPT

Question 25

Question: 25

5. The goal of commercial agriculture is

A. minimal food security.
B. genetic diversity of seeds.
C. establishment of seed banks throughout the world.
D. profit maximization.
E. sustainable farming practices.

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

The goal of commercial agriculture is

Question 26

Question: 26

1. Advertising, legal services, and retailing are examples of

A. primary economic activities.
B. secondary economic activities.
C. tertiary economic activities.
D. quaternary economic activities.
E. quinary economic activities.

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

Advertising, legal services, and retailing are examples of

Question 27

Question: 27

2. The Industrial Revolution first diffused from Great Britain to

A. Germany.
B. Russia.
C. Italy.
D. British colonies in North America.
E. France.

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

The Industrial Revolution first diffused from Great Britain to

Question 28

Question: 28

3. Which one of the following statements does NOT correctly describe commodity chains?

A. They usually begin in periphery countries.
B. They reap the highest profits for core countries.
C. They involve several locations around the world.
D. They are located near cheap sources of labor.
E. They are centered around periphery markets for finished goods.

Correct Answer: E

Explanation:

Which one of the following statements does NOT correctly describe commodity chains?

Question 29

Question: 29

4. Which theory below explains why two competing pizza parlors both position themselves in the middle of their customer base?

A. Dependency theory
B. The stages of economic development theory
C. World-systems theory
D. Locational interdependence theory
E. The domino theory

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

Which theory below explains why two competing pizza parlors both position themselves in the middle of their customer base?

Question 30

Question: 30

5. All of the following factors are important in locating an industrial activity EXCEPT

A. the cost of labor.
B. the cost of land.
C. the market demand for the good.
D. government policies.
E. climate.

Correct Answer: E

Explanation:

All of the following factors are important in locating an industrial activity EXCEPT

Question 31

Question: 31

1. An edge city could have any of the following attributes EXCEPT

A. more jobs than bedrooms.
B. being commonly perceived as a single place.
C. 500,000 square feet of retail area.
D. 500,000 square feet of office area.
E. being urban for 30 years or more.

Correct Answer: E

Explanation:

An edge city could have any of the following attributes EXCEPT

Question 32

Question: 32

2. A crucial part of Christaller's central place theory is the fact that goods and services vary in range and

A. access.
B. quantity.
C. spatial distribution.
D. threshold.
E. quality.

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

A crucial part of Christaller's central place theory is the fact that goods and services vary in range and

Question 33

Question: 33

3. If you commuted to work by automobile every day in the city, in which zone of Burgess's concentric zone model would you be most likely to live?

A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
E. 5

Correct Answer: E

Explanation:

If you commuted to work by automobile every day in the city, in which zone of Burgess's concentric zone model would you be most likely to live?

Question 34

Question: 34

4. The movement of middle-class residents into rundown urban center city neighborhoods is called

A. urban renewal.
B. urban sprawl.
C. urban revitalization.
D. gentrification.
E. multiplier effect.

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

The movement of middle-class residents into rundown urban center city neighborhoods is called

Question 35

Question: 35

5. Which one of the following characteristics does NOT apply to cities of the developing world?

A. Rapid population growth
B. An inability to provide basic services for population
C. A colonial heritage
D. A small informal economic sector
E. A land-use pattern strongly influenced by function of the city

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

Which one of the following characteristics does NOT apply to cities of the developing world?

Question 36

Question: 36

1. The distance north and south of the equator is the

A. global grid system.
B. Prime Meridian
C. latitude.
D. longitude.
E. scale.

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

The distance north and south of the equator is the

Question 37

Question: 37

2. Which type of transportation system created the star-shaped city pattern?

A. Highways to airports that link cities
B. Interstate highways that link cities
C. Beltways around cities
D. Sidewalks in the CBD
E. Streetcar and trolley lines extending from the CBD

Correct Answer: E

Explanation:

Which type of transportation system created the star-shaped city pattern?

Question 38

Question: 38

3. The concentration of production activities and people spatially to benefit everyone is called

A. the substitution principle.
B. deglomeration.
C. agglomeration.
D. infrastructure.
E. the multiplier effect.

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

The concentration of production activities and people spatially to benefit everyone is called

Question 39

Question: 39

4. Which form of migration below are farm workers from another country most likely to be practicing during the year?

A. Chain migration
B. Cluster migration
C. Circular migration
D. International migration
E. International travel

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

Which form of migration below are farm workers from another country most likely to be practicing during the year?

Question 40

Question: 40

5. Of these, the map using the smallest map scale would be the map of

A. the world.
B. Atlanta, Georgia.
C. Main Street, Small Town, Ohio.
D. Pennsylvania.
E. South America.

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

Of these, the map using the smallest map scale would be the map of

Question 41

Question: 41

6. All of the following are reasons major cities attract young people in Latin America EXCEPT

A. the availability of jobs.
B. the potential for decent housing.
C. educational opportunities.
D. their families live there already.
E. the urban lifestyle.

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

All of the following are reasons major cities attract young people in Latin America EXCEPT

Question 42

Question: 42

7. The attempt by core countries to stimulate increased agricultural production in the periphery through use of technology, hybrid seed, and fertilizers is called the

A. First Agricultural Revolution.
B. Second Agricultural Revolution.
C. Third Agricultural Revolution.
D. Fourth Agricultural Revolution.
E. Green Revolution.

Correct Answer: E

Explanation:

The attempt by core countries to stimulate increased agricultural production in the periphery through use of technology, hybrid seed, and fertilizers is called the

Question 43

Question: 43

8. Which country below is best represented by a population pyramid with a broad base that slopes quickly to a narrow top?

A. France
B. Russia
C. Austria
D. Uganda
E. Italy

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

Which country below is best represented by a population pyramid with a broad base that slopes quickly to a narrow top?

Question 44

Question: 44

9. The use and spread of English in nineteenth-century India is an example of what type of diffusion?

A. Stimulus
B. Contagious
C. Hierarchal
D. Relocation
E. Migratory

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

The use and spread of English in nineteenth-century India is an example of what type of diffusion?

Question 45

Question: 45

10. The outlying area serviced by a urban center is referred to as a

A. redline area.
B. threshold.
C. range.
D. hinterland.
E. sphere of influence.

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

The outlying area serviced by a urban center is referred to as a

Question 46

Question: 46

11. World population tends to be concentrated

A. in continental interiors.
B. on continental margins.
C. in the desert.
D. in the tropical lowlands and river valleys.
E. at higher elevations.

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

World population tends to be concentrated

Question 47

Question: 47

12. Boundary problems along the United States–Mexico border are caused by which type of issue below?

A. Ownership of fertile ground
B. Land use
C. Irredentism
D. Document interpretation
E. Immigration

Correct Answer: E

Explanation:

Boundary problems along the United States–Mexico border are caused by which type of issue below?

Question 48

Question: 48

13. Which of the following countries does NOT have a well-known example of a relict boundary?

A. Vietnam
B. United Kingdom
C. Germany
D. China
E. Bolivia

Correct Answer: E

Explanation:

Which of the following countries does NOT have a well-known example of a relict boundary?

Question 49

Question: 49

14. What monotheistic religion is based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ of Nazareth?

A. Islam
B. Christianity
C. Hinduism
D. Buddhism
E. Judaism

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

What monotheistic religion is based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ of Nazareth?

Question 50

Question: 50

15. The "melting pot" theory of combining several immigrant groups into one mainstream culture is called

A. amalgamation theory.
B. acculturation.
C. ethnic islands.
D. ethnic clustering.
E. cluster migration.

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

The "melting pot" theory of combining several immigrant groups into one mainstream culture is called

Question 51

Question: 51

1. The birth of an urban industrial workforce in Europe contributed to the start of the

A. First Agricultural Revolution.
B. Second Agricultural Revolution.
C. Third Agricultural Revolution.
D. Fourth Agricultural Revolution.
E. Green Revolution.

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

The birth of an urban industrial workforce in Europe contributed to the start of the

Question 52

Question: 52

2. Which of the following world regions is NOT considered one of the world's most densely populated regions?

A. South Asia
B. Europe
C. South America
D. Northeast United States
E. East Asia

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

Which of the following world regions is NOT considered one of the world's most densely populated regions?

Question 53

Question: 53

3. Which language family contains Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, and Romanian?

A. European
B. Slavic
C. Germanic
D. Romance
E. Celtic

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

Which language family contains Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, and Romanian?

Question 54

Question: 54

4. What is the most widespread primary economic activity in the world?

A. Mining
B. Hunting and gathering
C. Fishing
D. Agriculture
E. Forestry

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

What is the most widespread primary economic activity in the world?

Question 55

Question: 55

5. Which one of the following is NOT a centripetal force in a state?

A. A high level of confidence in central government
B. The existence of strong separatist groups
C. The existence of national transportation networks
D. The national anthem
E. The national flag

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

Which one of the following is NOT a centripetal force in a state?

Question 56

Question: 56

6. The global lingua franca is

A. Chinese.
B. English.
C. French.
D. Arabic.
E. Hindi.

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

The global lingua franca is

Question 57

Question: 57

7. Historically, the world's major languages have spread by all of the following methods EXCEPT

A. Sanskrit records.
B. migration.
C. trade.
D. conquest.
E. expanding populations.

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

Historically, the world's major languages have spread by all of the following methods EXCEPT

Question 58

Question: 58

8. Which urban model theorizes that high-rent residential areas grow outward from the center of the city along major highways with lower-rent inhabitants taking over sequentially?

A. Concentric zone model
B. Central place model
C. Urban realms model
D. Sector model
E. Multiple-nuclei model

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

Which urban model theorizes that high-rent residential areas grow outward from the center of the city along major highways with lower-rent inhabitants taking over sequentially?

Question 59

Question: 59

9. Which one of the following is NOT an advantage of urban agriculture?

A. Helping to solve the problem of solid waste disposal
B. Fresh produce for sale to others
C. Beautification of a dingy urban area
D. Low transportation and storage costs for food
E. Renewed or purified water supplies

Correct Answer: E

Explanation:

Which one of the following is NOT an advantage of urban agriculture?

Question 60

Question: 60

10. What is the most rapidly growing religion in the United States today?

A. Islam
B. Christianity
C. Hinduism
D. Buddhism
E. Judaism

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

What is the most rapidly growing religion in the United States today?

Question 61

Question: 61

11. What is the population statistic that tells us the level of fertility at which a population will have just enough births to replace parents and compensate for early deaths?

A. Crude birth rate
B. Replacement level
C. Mortality rate
D. Total fertility rate
E. Crude death rate

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

What is the population statistic that tells us the level of fertility at which a population will have just enough births to replace parents and compensate for early deaths?

Question 62

Question: 62

12. Which of the following statements regarding historical North American migration streams is NOT correct?

A. Canada's first major migration came from France.
B. Canada's second major migration stream originated in the British Isles.
C. Canada's third major migration stream came from Latin America.
D. The first major migration wave to the United States originated in Europe.
E. The last major wave of immigration to the United States came from Latin America and Asia.

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

Which of the following statements regarding historical North American migration streams is NOT correct?

Question 63

Question: 63

13. The main factor preventing subsistence economies from advancing economically is the lack of

A. a currency.
B. a well-connected transportation infrastructure.
C. government activity.
D. a banking service.
E. a market surplus.

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

The main factor preventing subsistence economies from advancing economically is the lack of

Question 64

Question: 64

14. Ankara, Turkey and Islamabad, Pakistan are both examples of

A. desert cities.
B. forward-thrust capitals.
C. old colonial capitals.
D. rival cities.
E. low-latitude capital cities.

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

Ankara, Turkey and Islamabad, Pakistan are both examples of

Question 65

Question: 65

15. What are the two major branches of Islam?

A. Sunni and Shinto
B. Shinto and Shiite
C. Sunni and Shiite
D. Shamanism and Shiite
E. Shamanism and Sunni

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

What are the two major branches of Islam?

Question 66

Question: 66

1. Which type of economic activity is most closely tied to the physical environment?

A. Primary
B. Secondary
C. Tertiary
D. Quaternary
E. Quinary

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

Which type of economic activity is most closely tied to the physical environment?

Question 67

Question: 67

2. A map that presents a single class of statistics is called a

A. general purpose map.
B. thematic map.
C. reference map.
D. mental map.
E. location map.

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

A map that presents a single class of statistics is called a

Question 68

Question: 68

3. Which of the following is a centrifugal force in a country?

A. Religious differences
B. A national holiday
C. An attack by another country
D. A charismatic national leader
E. Effective national government

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

Which of the following is a centrifugal force in a country?

Question 69

Question: 69

4. In which country does language pose a centrifugal force?

A. Canada
B. United States
C. Brazil
D. Norway
E. Thailand

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

In which country does language pose a centrifugal force?

Question 70

Question: 70

5. According to the map below showing US farmland, which grouping of states has roughly half its land area in farms?

A. Pennsylvania, West Virginia, New York
B. Louisiana, Mississippi, Georgia
C. Illinois, Indiana, Ohio
D. Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont
E. Nevada, Utah, Oregon

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

According to the map below showing US farmland, which grouping of states has roughly half its land area in farms?

Question 71

Question: 71

6. Which one of the following North American associations is NOT correct?

A. Southeast—African Americans
B. Oklahoma and the Southwest—Native Americans
C. Quebec and northern Maine—French Americans and French Canadians
D. Southern California—Hispanic Americans
E. Southern prairie provinces—African Americans

Correct Answer: E

Explanation:

Which one of the following North American associations is NOT correct?

Question 72

Question: 72

7. Which one of the following groups is excluded from the caste system of Hinduism?

A. Scholar-priests
B. Warrior-landowners
C. Businessmen and farmers
D. Servants
E. Untouchables

Correct Answer: E

Explanation:

Which one of the following groups is excluded from the caste system of Hinduism?

Question 73

Question: 73

Source: United States Department of Agriculture (USDA).</img>

United States Population, 2000. Source: US Census Bureau.

8. Which one of the following is NOT a factor in creating the Third Agricultural Revolution?

A. Use of chemical fertilizers
B. Use of chemical pesticides and herbicides
C. Mechanization
D. The processing and packaging of agricultural products
E. The use of field drainage systems

Correct Answer: E

Explanation:

Source: United States Department of Agriculture (USDA).

United States Population, 2000. Source: US Census Bureau.

Which one of the following is NOT a factor in creating the Third Agricultural Revolution?

Question 74

Question: 74

9. In which urban US setting below would you expect to find planned communities?

A. Ghettos
B. Suburbs
C. CBDs
D. Transition zones
E. Barrios

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

In which urban US setting below would you expect to find planned communities?

Question 75

Question: 75

10. Which of the following factors has little or no impact on mortality rates in the developing countries?

A. New medicines
B. Improved birth control methods
C. Pesticides
D. Famine relief
E. Improved vaccines

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

Which of the following factors has little or no impact on mortality rates in the developing countries?

Question 76

Question: 76

11. The Rhine River is an example of which type of boundary?

A. Geometric
B. Artificial
C. Natural
D. Relict
E. Subsequent

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

The Rhine River is an example of which type of boundary?

Question 77

Question: 77

12. According to the population pyramid above, which one of the following statements is correct?

A. The death rate exceeds the birth rate.
B. The economically active and productive population is too small to support the youth and old-age population.
C. Gender numbers are nearly identical until the older-age cohort is reached.
D. The population is experiencing a rapid growth rate.
E. The population is experiencing a high mortality rate.

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

According to the population pyramid above, which one of the following statements is correct?

Question 78

Question: 78

13. Which one of the following items is an example of nonmaterial culture?

A. Dove soap
B. Dove candy bar
C. Dove symbol
D. A dove (bird)
E. Dove stew

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

Which one of the following items is an example of nonmaterial culture?

Question 79

Question: 79

14. Which of the following statements does NOT describe a factor that contributed to suburbanization in the United States?

A. A shorter workweek made time for a commute possible.
B. Changes in the housing mortgage regulations made home ownership easier.
C. Fixed-route public transit routes increased in importance.
D. Improved automobiles made transportation easier and less limited.
E. Increased demands for housing occurred after World War II ended.

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

Which of the following statements does NOT describe a factor that contributed to suburbanization in the United States?

Question 80

Question: 80

15. Which factor in the last quarter century greatly destabilized Eastern Europe and led to ethnic conflict?

A. The introduction of new languages
B. The end of the Cold War
C. The invasion by the Soviets
D. The acceptance of many Eastern European countries into the EU
E. The adoption of the euro

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

Which factor in the last quarter century greatly destabilized Eastern Europe and led to ethnic conflict?

Question 81

Question: 81

1. The sacred book of the Hindu is called the

A. Talmud.
B. Bible.
C. Torah.
D. Veda.
E. Koran.

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

The sacred book of the Hindu is called the

Question 82

Question: 82

2. Urban agriculture can benefit urban society in all of the following ways EXCEPT

A. create sustainable food systems in urban areas.
B. provide jobs for women and children.
C. turn urban waste into a resource when utilized in safe manner.
D. strengthen food security for urban families.
E. replace agribusiness as the main focus of global food production.

Correct Answer: E

Explanation:

Urban agriculture can benefit urban society in all of the following ways EXCEPT

Question 83

Question: 83

3. Which theory below was used as justification for US involvement in Vietnam in the 1960s and 1970s?

A. Devolution
B. Colonialism
C. Heartland theory
D. Rimland theory
E. Containment theory

Correct Answer: E

Explanation:

Which theory below was used as justification for US involvement in Vietnam in the 1960s and 1970s?

Question 84

Question: 84

4. The Basques, Bretons, Kashmiris, and Tamils are all examples of

A. regionalist groups.
B. separatist groups.
C. terrorist groups.
D. interventionist groups.
E. religious groups.

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

The Basques, Bretons, Kashmiris, and Tamils are all examples of

Question 85

Question: 85

5. The process whereby immigrants learn the values, language, and customs of their new country is called

A. assimilation.
B. acculturation.
C. adaptation.
D. amalgamation.
E. dispersion.

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

The process whereby immigrants learn the values, language, and customs of their new country is called

Question 86

Question: 86

6. Which of the following jobs is in the non-basic employment sector?

A. Software engineer
B. F-10 pickup truck assembly-line worker
C. Oil refinery worker
D. Warehouse guard
E. Parking lot attendant

Correct Answer: E

Explanation:

Which of the following jobs is in the non-basic employment sector?

Question 87

Question: 87

7. Variations in vocabulary, pronunciation, and rhythm in a spoken language are called

A. syntax.
B. isoglosses.
C. lingua francas.
D. creoles.
E. dialects.

Correct Answer: E

Explanation:

Variations in vocabulary, pronunciation, and rhythm in a spoken language are called

Question 88

Question: 88

United States Population, 2000. Source: US Census Bureau.</img>

8. The map shown above is the following type of map:

A. statistical map.
B. topographic map.
C. general-purpose map.
D. dot-distribution map.
E. graduated circle map.

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

United States Population, 2000. Source: US Census Bureau.

The map shown above is the following type of map:

Question 89

Question: 89

9. The intensive agricultural practice of planting and harvesting the same crop more than once a year is called

A. swidden.
B. double cropping.
C. pastorialism.
D. intertillage.
E. shifting agriculture.

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

The intensive agricultural practice of planting and harvesting the same crop more than once a year is called

Question 90

Question: 90

10. A large node of office and commercial land use outside the central city with more jobs than residents is a(n)

A. suburb.
B. primate city.
C. town.
D. edge city.
E. gated community.

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

A large node of office and commercial land use outside the central city with more jobs than residents is a(n)

Question 91

Question: 91

11. Which one of the following statements does NOT correctly describe the Green Revolution?

A. It changed centuries-old methods of farming.
B. It was an attempt to feed a growing world population.
C. It centered on increased rice, wheat, and maize yields.
D. It greatly improved crop yields in sub-Saharan Africa.
E. It required use of new seeds and lots of fertilizer, pesticides, and water.

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

Which one of the following statements does NOT correctly describe the Green Revolution?

Question 92

Question: 92

12. The theory that whoever controlled the landmass of Europe would rule the world is called the

A. devolution theory.
B. domino theory.
C. heartland theory.
D. rimland theory.
E. containment theory.

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

The theory that whoever controlled the landmass of Europe would rule the world is called the

Question 93

Question: 93

13. Which of the following is a distinct characteristic of an East European city?

A. A central park
B. Prominent religious buildings
C. A large central square surrounded by government and administrative buildings
D. Luxury apartment buildings
E. A well-developed retail sector

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

Which of the following is a distinct characteristic of an East European city?

Question 94

Question: 94

14. Which religion below is a universalizing religion?

A. Taoism
B. Islam
C. Shintoism
D. Confucianism
E. Judaism

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

Which religion below is a universalizing religion?

Question 95

Question: 95

15. What is the most abundant fossil fuel?

A. Phosphate
B. Oil
C. Petroleum
D. Natural gas
E. Coal

Correct Answer: E

Explanation:

What is the most abundant fossil fuel?

Question 96

Question: 96

1. The majority of Kurds are found in which country?

A. Iran
B. Iraq
C. Turkey
D. Egypt
E. Pakistan

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

The majority of Kurds are found in which country?

Question 97

Question: 97

2. According to Alfred Weber's least-cost theory, which one of the following costs of production is the most important factor in locating an industry?

A. Labor
B. Transport
C. Raw materials
D. Agglomeration costs
E. Rent

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

According to Alfred Weber's least-cost theory, which one of the following costs of production is the most important factor in locating an industry?

Question 98

Question: 98

3. Which one of the following demographic factors characterizes stages 4 and 5 in the demographic transition model?

A. Zero population growth
B. High mortality rates
C. High birth rates
D. High sex ratios
E. Overpopulation

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

Which one of the following demographic factors characterizes stages 4 and 5 in the demographic transition model?

Question 99

Question: 99

4. The purpose for the creation of NATO was to

A. defend North America and Western Europe against the threat of communism.
B. form an economic alliance for trade between Europe and North America.
C. defend Europe against a second Nazi invasion.
D. defend northern Europe against Chinese missiles.
E. form a binding peace treaty for all Europe.

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

The purpose for the creation of NATO was to

Question 100

Question: 100

5. The way of life based on breeding and herding of animals that are used as a source of food, shelter, and clothing is called

A. swidden.
B. subsistence farming.
C. pastorialism.
D. hunting and gathering.
E. domestication.

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

The way of life based on breeding and herding of animals that are used as a source of food, shelter, and clothing is called

Question 101

Question: 101

6. State-sponsored terrorism has occurred recently in which of the following countries?

A. Rwanda
B. United States
C. Canada
D. Spain
E. Bahrain

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

State-sponsored terrorism has occurred recently in which of the following countries?

Question 102

Question: 102

7. Which type of city model contains a distinct residential spine proceeding outward from center city along the main boulevard?

A. European
B. Muslim
C. Sub-Saharan African
D. Asian
E. Latin American

Correct Answer: E

Explanation:

Which type of city model contains a distinct residential spine proceeding outward from center city along the main boulevard?

Question 103

Question: 103

United States Population, 2000. Source: US Census Bureau.</img>

8. With what religion is the architecture shown above associated?

A. Roman Catholicism
B. Russian Orthodox
C. Hinduism
D. Judaism
E. Buddhism

Correct Answer: E

Explanation:

United States Population, 2000. Source: US Census Bureau.

With what religion is the architecture shown above associated?

Question 104

Question: 104

9. Which of the following is a major concern in countries with a large and rapidly aging population?

A. Immunization
B. Adequate schools
C. Daycare facilities
D. Birth control
E. Health care

Correct Answer: E

Explanation:

Which of the following is a major concern in countries with a large and rapidly aging population?

Question 105

Question: 105

10. Which of the following capital cities is located OUTSIDE the central core area of the country?

A. Abuja, Nigeria
B. Paris, France
C. London, United Kingdom
D. Cairo, Egypt
E. Moscow, Russia

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

Which of the following capital cities is located OUTSIDE the central core area of the country?

Question 106

Question: 106

11. The language with the largest number of "speakers" is

A. English.
B. Russian.
C. Spanish.
D. Mandarin Chinese.
E. Hindi/Urdu.

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

The language with the largest number of "speakers" is

Question 107

Question: 107

12. An earlier boundary formed before meticulous geographic knowledge and mapping was available is known as

A. an antecedent boundary.
B. a geometric boundary.
C. a relict boundary.
D. a subsequent boundary.
E. a natural boundary.

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

An earlier boundary formed before meticulous geographic knowledge and mapping was available is known as

Question 108

Question: 108

13. Which of the following religions developed first?

A. Buddhism
B. Christianity
C. Islam
D. Judaism
E. Hinduism

Correct Answer: E

Explanation:

Which of the following religions developed first?

Question 109

Question: 109

14. If you wanted to find the global distribution of coal, you would use a

A. reference map.
B. topographic map.
C. thematic map.
D. location map.
E. general-purpose map.

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

If you wanted to find the global distribution of coal, you would use a

Question 110

Question: 110

15. The practice of drawing the boundaries of voting districts to give an unfair advantage to one political party is called

A. separatism.
B. gerrymandering.
C. containment.
D. domino theory.
E. redistricting.

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

The practice of drawing the boundaries of voting districts to give an unfair advantage to one political party is called

Question 111

Question: 111

1. Which of the following items below is an absolute location?

A. 10 miles east of Pittsburgh
B. Washington
C. 3 degrees south
D. 479 Elm Street, Muncie, Indiana
E. Prime Meridian

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

Which of the following items below is an absolute location?

Question 112

Question: 112

2. China and Vietnam's dispute over the Spratley Islands is

A. a positional dispute.
B. a territorial dispute.
C. a resource dispute.
D. a functional dispute.
E. a religious dispute.

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

China and Vietnam's dispute over the Spratley Islands is

Question 113

Question: 113

3. Every country with a seacoast has an exclusive economic zone (EEZ) under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea. Which one of the following statements regarding the Law of the Sea and the EEZ is NOT correct?

A. The EEZ extends up to 200 nautical miles (370 km) from the coastline.
B. Countries have the right to exploit natural resources in their EEZ.
C. Countries can exploit resources on the continental shelf extending up to 350 nautical miles (560 km) beyond their EEZ.
D. A country does not have the right to exploit living resources in its EEZ.
E. A country has the right to exploit nonliving resources in its EEZ.

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

Every country with a seacoast has an exclusive economic zone (EEZ) under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea. Which one of the following statements regarding the Law of the Sea and the EEZ is NOT correct?

Question 114

Question: 114

4. A person who practices the Hindu religion would be most likely to

A. visit a shrine built on the shore of a lake.
B. pray five times a day.
C. bathe in the Ganges River.
D. make a pilgrimage to Jerusalem.
E. make a pilgrimage to Mecca.

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

A person who practices the Hindu religion would be most likely to

Question 115

Question: 115

5. Which of the following is MOST likely to experience population pressure?

A. An industrial society with abundant natural resources and large imports of food
B. A society with a highly mechanized agricultural sector
C. A non-ecumene
D. A society that uses fertilizers, biocides, and irrigation extensively
E. A slash-and-burn agricultural society

Correct Answer: E

Explanation:

Which of the following is MOST likely to experience population pressure?

Question 116

Question: 116

6. The voluntary association of three or more countries willing to give up some measure of sovereignty is called

A. nationalism.
B. devolution.
C. supranationalism.
D. complementarity.
E. transferability.

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

The voluntary association of three or more countries willing to give up some measure of sovereignty is called

Question 117

Question: 117

7. The idea that people, and not their environment, are the forces that create cultural development is called

A. possibilism.
B. animism.
C. environmental determinism.
D. cultural ecology.
E. syncretism.

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

The idea that people, and not their environment, are the forces that create cultural development is called

Question 118

Question: 118

8. Which region of China has the largest number of Tibeto-Burman speakers?

A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
E. E

Correct Answer: E

Explanation:

United States Population, 2000. Source: US Census Bureau.</img>

Which region of China has the largest number of Tibeto-Burman speakers?

Question 119

Question: 119

9. Which religion is practiced by most inhabitants of Region A?

A. Buddhism
B. Shintoism
C. Catholicism
D. Hinduism
E. Islam

Correct Answer: E

Explanation:

United States Population, 2000. Source: US Census Bureau.</img>

Which religion is practiced by most inhabitants of Region A?

Question 120

Question: 120

10. Which one of the following statements does NOT correctly describe transnational companies (TNCs)?

A. Many TNCs operate in areas of electronics, chemicals, pharmaceuticals and petroleum.
B. Most TNCs produce and sell manufactured goods.
C. Most TNCs are headquartered in the United States, Japan, and the European Union.
D. TNCs actively make use of the principle of comparative advantage.
E. TNCs are generally controlled by foreign governments.

Correct Answer: E

Explanation:

Which one of the following statements does NOT correctly describe transnational companies (TNCs)?

Question 121

Question: 121

11. Which one of the statements below correctly describes immigrants living in Europe?

A. Most find citizenship easy to get in host countries.
B. Muslims immigrants from North Africa are well integrated in France.
C. Immigrants to European cities rarely bring their families.
D. They are usually restricted to certain neighborhoods.
E. They enjoy the same treatment as received by immigrants to the United States.

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

Which one of the statements below correctly describes immigrants living in Europe?

Question 122

Question: 122

12. A strong movement away from all religions is called

A. secularism.
B. heathenism.
C. sacrilege.
D. nationalism.
E. communism.

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

A strong movement away from all religions is called

Question 123

Question: 123

13. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a city in the developing world?

A. Contains modern centers of commerce
B. Has a well-developed infrastructure
C. Experiences large in-migrations of rural people into the city
D. Produces a large share of its country's GDI
E. Is surrounded by high-density squatter settlements

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a city in the developing world?

Question 124

Question: 124

14. Shifting cultivation is most often practiced in

A. alpine tundra.
B. tropical forests.
C. flood plains.
D. deserts.
E. boreal forests.

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

Shifting cultivation is most often practiced in

Question 125

Question: 125

15. A rejection of or indifference to religion in a country is called

A. polytheism.
B. animism.
C. secularism.
D. monotheism.
E. heathenism.

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

A rejection of or indifference to religion in a country is called

Question 126

Question: 126

1. The first stage of the demographic transition exhibits

A. high birth rates with high but fluctuating death rates.
B. declining birth rates with continuing high death rates.
C. low birth rates with continuing high death rates.
D. high birth rates with declining death rates.
E. high birth rates with low and stable death rates.

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

The first stage of the demographic transition exhibits

Question 127

Question: 127

2. Which continent has the highest total fertility rates?

A. Africa
B. Asia
C. South America
D. Europe
E. Australia

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

Which continent has the highest total fertility rates?

Question 128

Question: 128

3. With what religion is the architecture shown in the picture on this page associated?

A. Buddhism
B. Judaism
C. Christianity
D. Hinduism
E. Islam

Correct Answer: E

Explanation:

With what religion is the architecture shown in the picture on this page associated?

Question 129

Question: 129

United States Population, 2000. Source: US Census Bureau.</img>

4. The Philippines and Indonesia are each an example of

A. a perforated state.
B. a fragmented state.
C. an elongated state.
D. a prorupt state.
E. a compact state.

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

United States Population, 2000. Source: US Census Bureau.

The Philippines and Indonesia are each an example of

Question 130

Question: 130

5. The increasing interconnectedness of different parts of the world through economic, political, and cultural interaction is called

A. culture.
B. core-periphery.
C. globalization.
D. development.
E. diffusion.

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

The increasing interconnectedness of different parts of the world through economic, political, and cultural interaction is called

Question 131

Question: 131

United States Population, 2000. Source: US Census Bureau.</img>

6. Which of the following associations linking a US region to an industrial base is NOT correct?

A. Gulf Coast of Texas—petroleum and natural gas
B. United States–Mexico border—gold and silver mining
C. Silicon Valley (San Francisco Bay area)—high-tech industries
D. Southeast United States—textiles, tobacco, and furniture
E. Ohio River Valley/Monongahela River Valley (Pittsburgh area)—advanced material processing and high-tech industries

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

United States Population, 2000. Source: US Census Bureau.

Which of the following associations linking a US region to an industrial base is NOT correct?

Question 132

Question: 132

7. Which one of the following statements is best supported by the map above?

A. Potatoes are grown mostly in the Midwest.
B. Potatoes are not grown in the Southwest because of a cultural preference for corn.
C. Potatoes would be in the first ring of von Thünen's model of agricultural location.
D. Potatoes are most profitable when grown in cooler climates.
E. Potatoes have overtaken bread as the staple of American life.

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

Which one of the following statements is best supported by the map above?

Question 133

Question: 133

8. Which term describes the forces that unify and strengthen a country?

A. Diffusion
B. Centrifugal
C. Centripetal
D. Ethnocentric
E. Naturalizing

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

Which term describes the forces that unify and strengthen a country?

Question 134

Question: 134

9. The European Union (EU) replaced which of the following organizations?

A. NATO
B. EEC
C. UN
D. ASEAN
E. NAFTA

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

The European Union (EU) replaced which of the following organizations?

Question 135

Question: 135

10. A chief factor that contributed to the Second Agricultural Revolution was

A. the Industrial Revolution.
B. World War I.
C. World War II.
D. the discovery of the plow.
E. the domestication of plants and animals.

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

A chief factor that contributed to the Second Agricultural Revolution was

Question 136

Question: 136

11. Which stage of the demographic transition model is characterized by high birth rates and high variable death rates?

A. Stage 1
B. Stage 2
C. Stage 3
D. Stage 4
E. Stage 5

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

Which stage of the demographic transition model is characterized by high birth rates and high variable death rates?

Question 137

Question: 137

12. The largest Hindu temple complex ever constructed is found in

A. Calcutta.
B. Bombay.
C. Cambodia.
D. Bali.
E. New York City.

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

The largest Hindu temple complex ever constructed is found in

Question 138

Question: 138

13. Which country faces a serious trade disadvantage due to its location?

A. Singapore
B. Italy
C. Spain
D. Argentina
E. Mongolia

Correct Answer: E

Explanation:

Which country faces a serious trade disadvantage due to its location?

Question 139

Question: 139

14. A city that is more than twice as large as the next largest city in a country is called a

A. global city.
B. world leader city.
C. megalopolis.
D. primate city.
E. metropolis.

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

A city that is more than twice as large as the next largest city in a country is called a

Question 140

Question: 140

15. Which one of the following statements best describes an application of the S-curve?

A. Graph of the Bantu migration
B. Graph of the growth of human populations since their first appearance on Earth
C. The chart showing how cities associate with one another based on their population sizes
D. A model showing the decrease in population growth for several countries after they industrialize
E. A case study explaining how countries gain stability and a sense of "openness" over time

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

Which one of the following statements best describes an application of the S-curve?

Question 141

Question: 141

1. Which one of the following organizations is NOT a supranational organization?

A. UN
B. NATO
C. ASEAN
D. NAFTA
E. PLO

Correct Answer: E

Explanation:

Which one of the following organizations is NOT a supranational organization?

Question 142

Question: 142

2. Which of the following is NOT used by geographers to determine absolute location?

A. Longitude
B. Latitude
C. Equator
D. Prime Meridian
E. Distance to the nearest city

Correct Answer: E

Explanation:

Which of the following is NOT used by geographers to determine absolute location?

Question 143

Question: 143

3. Which of the following is NOT a problem Europe currently faces today?

A. Rising immigration
B. Lack of population growth
C. Environmental apathy
D. Urban ethnic ghettos on the rise
E. Lack of cultural activities

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

Which of the following is NOT a problem Europe currently faces today?

Question 144

Question: 144

4. The most rapidly urbanizing area of the world is:

A. Europe
B. East Asia
C. Sub-Saharan Africa
D. South Asia
E. Latin America

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

The most rapidly urbanizing area of the world is:

Question 145

Question: 145

5. Which of the following supranational organizations is not an economic union?

A. EU
B. CARICOM
C. NAFTA
D. NATO
E. MERCOSUR

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

Which of the following supranational organizations is not an economic union?

Question 146

Question: 146

6. In what country are the most Basque speakers found?

A. Denmark
B. Finland
C. Luxembourg
D. Spain
E. Germany

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

In what country are the most Basque speakers found?

Question 147

Question: 147

7. Opponents of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in food are afraid that the GMOs

A. will hinder global trade.
B. make plants more resistant to disease.
C. may cause irreversible changes in humans.
D. make plants more resistant to drought.
E. help clean up the environment.

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

Opponents of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in food are afraid that the GMOs

Question 148

Question: 148

8. Which one of the following is NOT a characteristic of world cities?

A. World cities contain the headquarters of many transnational corporations.
B. World cities are well connected to secondary-level world cities.
C. World cities contain many offices of multinational organizations.
D. World cities are found only in the northern and western hemispheres.
E. World cities contain a concentration of legal, banking, and marketing services.

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

Which one of the following is NOT a characteristic of world cities?

Question 149

Question: 149

9. Which theorist(s) tried to explain the prices of farm products as they relate to patterns of land use?

A. Rostow
B. Ravenstein
C. Von Thünen
D. Burgess
E. Harris and Ullmann

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

Which theorist(s) tried to explain the prices of farm products as they relate to patterns of land use?

Question 150

Question: 150

10. Regions share all of these characteristics EXCEPT

A. boundaries.
B. common features.
C. relative location.
D. easily defined.
E. spatial extent.

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

Regions share all of these characteristics EXCEPT

Question 151

Question: 151

11. The rehabilitation of old, rundown inner-city neighborhoods by middle- and high-income people is called

A. urbanization.
B. gentrification.
C. suburbanization.
D. multiplier effect.
E. home improvements.

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

The rehabilitation of old, rundown inner-city neighborhoods by middle- and high-income people is called

Question 152

Question: 152

12. Which term below best describes a religion that uses missionaries to spread its faith?

A. Ethnic
B. Universalizing
C. Monotheistic
D. Polytheistic
E. Animistic

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

Which term below best describes a religion that uses missionaries to spread its faith?

Question 153

Question: 153

13. Which crop began the Third Agricultural Revolution?

A. Rice
B. Wheat
C. Barley
D. Millet
E. Sorghum

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

Which crop began the Third Agricultural Revolution?

Question 154

Question: 154

14. The idea that you identify with, and give allegiance, to a nation-state is

A. regionalism.
B. diffusion.
C. iconography.
D. ethnocentrism.
E. nationalism.

Correct Answer: E

Explanation:

The idea that you identify with, and give allegiance, to a nation-state is

Question 155

Question: 155

15. The theory that most migration occurs over a short distance and in steps is attributed to

A. Rostow.
B. Ravenstein.
C. von Thünen.
D. Burgess.
E. Harris and Ullmann.

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

The theory that most migration occurs over a short distance and in steps is attributed to

Question 156

Question: 156

1. The largest exporter of agricultural goods in the world is

A. China.
B. Mexico.
C. Chile.
D. France.
E. the United States.

Correct Answer: E

Explanation:

The largest exporter of agricultural goods in the world is

Question 157

Question: 157

2. The multiplier effect is

A. the addition of non-basic workers to an urban economy that has added more basic workers.
B. a ratio of urban to rural workers in an economy.
C. the ratio of city workers to farm workers in an economy.
D. the addition of rural jobs created by the urban economy.
E. the multiple jobs eliminated by foreign workers.

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

The multiplier effect is

Question 158

Question: 158

3. Which geographer viewed the US urban community of the 1920s as a set of concentric rings radiating outward from a central core?

A. Rostow
B. Ravenstein
C. Von Thünen
D. Burgess
E. Harris and Ullmann

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

Which geographer viewed the US urban community of the 1920s as a set of concentric rings radiating outward from a central core?

Question 159

Question: 159

4. Which of the following is NOT a key milestone reached by the EU?

A. The introduction of a common currency used by many EU countries
B. A customs union
C. A single market
D. A common European language
E. Broad support of the Kyoto Protocol

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

Which of the following is NOT a key milestone reached by the EU?

Question 160

Question: 160

5. Which pair of religions below share a long-held tradition of cremating their dead?

A. Hindu and Buddhist
B. Hindu and Muslim
C. Muslim and Jewish
D. Christian and Buddhist
E. Christian and Jewish

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

Which pair of religions below share a long-held tradition of cremating their dead?

Question 161

Question: 161

6. Part of the boundary between the United States and Mexico is the Rio Grande, an example of

A. a water divider.
B. a watercourse.
C. an artificial boundary.
D. a natural boundary.
E. a relict boundary.

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

Part of the boundary between the United States and Mexico is the Rio Grande, an example of

Question 162

Question: 162

7. Which of the following is NOT an important environmental factor influencing a country's agriculture?

A. Number of frost-free days per year
B. Availability of sufficient rainfall
C. Reliability of sufficient rainfall
D. Amount of fertilizer produced in the country
E. Existence of a 90-day-or-longer growing season

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

Which of the following is NOT an important environmental factor influencing a country's agriculture?

Question 163

Question: 163

8. The key factor Thomas Malthus failed to recognize in his population theory was

A. population is limited by their means of subsistence.
B. all populations have the potential to increase more than the actual rate of increase.
C. wars and famine inhibit population's reproductive capacity.
D. populations will always increase if the means of subsistence increase.
E. technology's ability to raise the Earth's carrying capacity.

Correct Answer: E

Explanation:

The key factor Thomas Malthus failed to recognize in his population theory was

Question 164

Question: 164

9. What family do most European languages belong to?

A. Ural-Altaic
B. Basque
C. Indo-European
D. Phoenician
E. Sino-Tibetan

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

What family do most European languages belong to?

Question 165

Question: 165

10. The latitude and longitude coordinates of a place are an example of

A. a formal region.
B. a functional region.
C. an absolute location.
D. a relative location.
E. a perceptual region.

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

The latitude and longitude coordinates of a place are an example of

Question 166

Question: 166

11. All of the following are non-basic jobs in the city EXCEPT

A. city firefighter.
B. social worker.
C. dry cleaner.
D. waitress.
E. garment factory worker.

Correct Answer: E

Explanation:

All of the following are non-basic jobs in the city EXCEPT

Question 167

Question: 167

12. The theory that cities grow outward from a core utilizing several nodes of growth was proposed by

A. Rostow.
B. Ravenstein.
C. von Thünen.
D. Burgess.
E. Harris and Ullmann.

Correct Answer: E

Explanation:

The theory that cities grow outward from a core utilizing several nodes of growth was proposed by

Question 168

Question: 168

13. What was the primary reason the Green Revolution did NOT help Africa much?

A. It targeted crops Africans don't grow and eat.
B. It required sophisticated machinery.
C. Population growth has fallen so drastically that Africans don't need the increased food production.
D. African agricultural production went up without its help.
E. Africans refused to use the Green Revolution's farming techniques.

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

What was the primary reason the Green Revolution did NOT help Africa much?

Question 169

Question: 169

14. You are planning to move from your hometown to Pittsburgh. Along the way, you stop in Columbus, Ohio to visit a relative and fall in love with the city! You decide to stay and make Columbus your new home. This is an example of

A. intervening opportunity.
B. distance decay.
C. involuntary migration.
D. push-pull factors.
E. transhumance.

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

You are planning to move from your hometown to Pittsburgh. Along the way, you stop in Columbus, Ohio to visit a relative and fall in love with the city! You decide to stay and make Columbus your new home. This is an example of

Question 170

Question: 170

15. What type of countries generally possesses a greater variety of climates and resources than other countries?

A. Perforated states
B. Fragmented states
C. Elongated states
D. Prorupt states
E. Compact states

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

What type of countries generally possesses a greater variety of climates and resources than other countries?

Question 171

Question: 171

1. Which one of the following statements is NOT true of the "core" countries?

A. They are technologically advanced.
B. They are wealthy.
C. They are powerful.
D. They are less developed.
E. They are more developed.

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

Which one of the following statements is NOT true of the "core" countries?

Question 172

Question: 172

2. Which of the following statements best describes the United Nations?

A. The UN operates a worldwide police force.
B. Member states surrender sovereignty to the UN.
C. World laws are enforced by the UN.
D. UN membership includes all countries.
E. The UN often practices interventionism in world conflicts.

Correct Answer: E

Explanation:

Which of the following statements best describes the United Nations?

Question 173

Question: 173

3. Which pair of religions are both universalizing religions?

A. Islam and Judaism
B. Judaism and Buddhism
C. Hinduism and Buddhism
D. Christianity and Buddhism
E. Islam and Hinduism

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

Which pair of religions are both universalizing religions?

Question 174

Question: 174

4. Olives, grapes, and chickpeas are staple crops of which type of farming?

A. Pastoral nomadism
B. Subsistence
C. Plantation
D. Mediterranean
E. Commercial

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

Olives, grapes, and chickpeas are staple crops of which type of farming?

Question 175

Question: 175

5. Which one of the statements below is characteristic of most African cities?

A. They have thriving, clean residential areas.
B. There are jobs for most rural-to-urban migrants.
C. They have three separate business districts.
D. They have a well-developed infrastructure.
E. They offer an adequate social welfare system.

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

Which one of the statements below is characteristic of most African cities?

Question 176

Question: 176

6. The theory that every society develops economically according to a five-stage pattern of growth is attributed to

A. Rostow.
B. Ravenstein.
C. von Thünen.
D. Burgess.
E. Harris and Ullmann.

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

The theory that every society develops economically according to a five-stage pattern of growth is attributed to

Question 177

Question: 177

7. A society in which two or more population groups coexist while maintaining their unique culture demonstrates

A. racial segregation.
B. miscegenation.
C. cultural pluralism.
D. cultural segregation.
E. cultural integration.

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

A society in which two or more population groups coexist while maintaining their unique culture demonstrates

Question 178

Question: 178

8. In which of the following Asian countries would one find special economic zones (SEZs)?

A. Japan
B. South Korea
C. China
D. Vietnam
E. North Vietnam

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

In which of the following Asian countries would one find special economic zones (SEZs)?

Question 179

Question: 179

9. The practice of hiring a foreign third-party service provider to run an operation is called

A. outsourcing.
B. offshoring.
C. maquiladoras.
D. locational interdependence.
E. Fordism.

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

The practice of hiring a foreign third-party service provider to run an operation is called

Question 180

Question: 180

10. The theory that the main purpose of a settlement or market town is to furnish goods and services to the surrounding market area is called the

A. urban hierarchy theory.
B. central place theory.
C. concentric zone model.
D. multiplier effect.
E. rank-size rule.

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

The theory that the main purpose of a settlement or market town is to furnish goods and services to the surrounding market area is called the

Question 181

Question: 181

11. When a country combines its religion with its government, it is called a

A. dictatorship.
B. theocracy.
C. democracy.
D. autocracy.
E. oligarchy.

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

When a country combines its religion with its government, it is called a

Question 182

Question: 182

12. Which structure(s) traditionally occupies the center of a historic Asian city?

A. A central market
B. High-density housing
C. A religious building
D. Government office buildings
E. Commercial buildings

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

Which structure(s) traditionally occupies the center of a historic Asian city?

Question 183

Question: 183

13. Which of the following is a push factor?

A. Dissatisfaction with current jobs
B. Higher-paying jobs elsewhere
C. An attractive retirement community elsewhere
D. A pleasant climate
E. Safer communities elsewhere

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

Which of the following is a push factor?

Question 184

Question: 184

14. The influence of neo-Malthusianism can be seen in

A. government programs for birth control and planning.
B. famine relief.
C. increased spending in social welfare programs.
D. increased total fertility rates.
E. pro-natalist policies.

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

The influence of neo-Malthusianism can be seen in

Question 185

Question: 185

15. What is the chief religion practiced in Europe?

A. Christianity
B. Islam
C. Hinduism
D. Animism
E. Buddhism

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

What is the chief religion practiced in Europe?

Question 186

Question: 186

1. Which of the following is a formal region?

A. Dixie
B. Pennsylvania
C. The market area of Winn-Dixie
D. The Pacific Northwest
E. Pizza Hut delivery area

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

Which of the following is a formal region?

Question 187

Question: 187

2. An immigrant learning English in the United States is an example of

A. structural assimilation.
B. amalgamation theory.
C. acculturation.
D. adaptation.
E. multiculturalism.

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

An immigrant learning English in the United States is an example of

Question 188

Question: 188

3. Which of the following U.S. main immigration flow associations is NOT correct?

A. Pioneer settlement to 1870—Germans, British, Scotch-Irish, Africans
B. 1870–1914—Asians
C. 1870–1914—Eastern and southern Europeans
D. 1965–present—Hispanics
E. 1914–1965—Northern and western Europeans

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

Which of the following U.S. main immigration flow associations is NOT correct?

Question 189

Question: 189

4. Which of the following factors would be considered a "pull" factor for Riva when considering a move from India to the United States?

A. Abject poverty
B. Better job and higher wages
C. India's caste system
D. Violence in her neighborhood
E. Bride dowry practices

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

Which of the following factors would be considered a "pull" factor for Riva when considering a move from India to the United States?

Question 190

Question: 190

5. Which of the following is an example of a bulk-gaining industry?

A. Steel
B. Bottled orange juice
C. Paper
D. Copper
E. Meat-packing

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

Which of the following is an example of a bulk-gaining industry?

Question 191

Question: 191

6. If I wanted to ship a small piece of very valuable jewelry to my aunt who lives in Poughkeepsie, which mode of transportation makes the most sense?

A. Truck
B. Air
C. Ship
D. Railroad
E. Passenger pigeon

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

If I wanted to ship a small piece of very valuable jewelry to my aunt who lives in Poughkeepsie, which mode of transportation makes the most sense?

Question 192

Question: 192

7. Which of the following industries does NOT need to be close to its markets?

A. Dairy foods
B. Bulk-gaining products
C. Single-market products
D. Bulk-reducing products
E. Fresh seafood

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

Which of the following industries does NOT need to be close to its markets?

Question 193

Question: 193

8. A primate city is

A. a large city located on the periphery of the country.
B. the most important city in a country.
C. when the largest city in a country is more than twice the size of the next largest city.
D. the largest city in a country.
E. the largest city located in the central region of a country.

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

A primate city is

Question 194

Question: 194

9. The best definition of an urban area is

A. the central city and its developed areas.
B. the central city and its surrounding suburbs.
C. the central city and its hinterlands.
D. the central city and the adjacent counties.
E. the CBD.

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

The best definition of an urban area is

Question 195

Question: 195

10. Johnny and Susie are moving to Scotland to renovate and live in the family castle. What makes their move a migration?

A. They are crossing another country's borders.
B. They are not taking anything with them.
C. They are moving permanently.
D. They will be gone more than one year.
E. They will be gone less than one year

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

Johnny and Susie are moving to Scotland to renovate and live in the family castle. What makes their move a migration?

Question 196

Question: 196

11. When we talk about diffusion of a cultural trait, what do we mean by "hearth"?

A. Destination
B. Origin point
C. All locations along the diffusion path
D. Axis point
E. Midway point

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

When we talk about diffusion of a cultural trait, what do we mean by "hearth"?

Question 197

Question: 197

12. The process of invasion and succession is a process involving migration and is best described as when

A. new residents tear down and rebuild housing units.
B. new residents live peacefully with old residents.
C. new residents assimilate with old residents completely.
D. new residents move into areas occupied by older resident groups.
E. new residents take over old neighborhoods with military force.

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

The process of invasion and succession is a process involving migration and is best described as when

Question 198

Question: 198

13. Which of the following statements is TRUE concerning women in the labor force?

A. Most women work in agriculture
B. The percentage of women economically active in the labor force declined worldwide
C. The percentage of women in the total labor force declined
D. Women spend more hours per day working than men in all regions except Anglo America and Australia
E. Attitudes towards women in the workplace are less favorable that ever

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

Which of the following statements is TRUE concerning women in the labor force?

Question 199

Question: 199

14. What is the oldest, biggest, and most widely distributed language family from the Hudson Bay to Tierra del Fuego?

A. Amerindian
B. Malayo-Polynesian
C. Austronesian
D. Eskimo-Aleut
E. Sino-Tibetan

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

What is the oldest, biggest, and most widely distributed language family from the Hudson Bay to Tierra del Fuego?

Question 200

Question: 200

15. Which language family is most widely spoken in North America and Europe and includes Baltic, Celtic, Germanic, and Greek?

A. Dravidian
B. Uralic-Altaic
C. Sino-Tibetan
D. Amerindian
E. Indo-European

Correct Answer: E

Explanation:

Which language family is most widely spoken in North America and Europe and includes Baltic, Celtic, Germanic, and Greek?

Question 201

Question: 201

1. Which group represents the Persian (Iranian) variation of Islam and believes in the infallibility and divine right to authority of the Imams descended from Ali?

A. Sunni
B. Shiite
C. Imam
D. Untouchables
E. Shintoists

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

Which group represents the Persian (Iranian) variation of Islam and believes in the infallibility and divine right to authority of the Imams descended from Ali?

Question 202

Question: 202

2. Which of the following is an example of a stateless nation?

A. Germany
B. Israel
C. Palestine
D. Romania
E. North Korea

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

Which of the following is an example of a stateless nation?

Question 203

Question: 203

3. The world systems theory divides the world into

A. core, periphery, and semi-periphery.
B. rich and poor.
C. developed and undeveloped.
D. haves and have-nots.
E. First World and Third World.

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

The world systems theory divides the world into

Question 204

Question: 204

4. The process of devolution involves

A. the change of government from a democracy to a communist dictatorship.
B. the movement of power from the central government to regional governments in the country.
C. the movement of power from a monarchy to a military dictatorship.
D. the movement of power from regional governments to central governments.
E. the movement of power from dictatorship to democracy.

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

The process of devolution involves

Question 205

Question: 205

5. Which description best describes the urban hierarchy model in which the population of a city is inversely proportional to its rank in the hierarchy?

A. Multiplier effect
B. Rank-size rule
C. Central place theory
D. Burgess's sector model
E. Megalopolis

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

Which description best describes the urban hierarchy model in which the population of a city is inversely proportional to its rank in the hierarchy?

Question 206

Question: 206

6. The photo below shows which of the following concepts in action?

A. Growth poles
B. Spread effects
C. Agglomeration effects
D. Backwash effects
E. Creative destruction

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

The photo below shows which of the following concepts in action?

Question 207

Question: 207

7. Which of the following is NOT a problem for cities in LDCs?

A. Lack of jobs
B. Shortage of electricity
C. High levels of pollution
D. Housing shortages
E. Abundance of drinking water

Correct Answer: E

Explanation:

Which of the following is NOT a problem for cities in LDCs?

Question 208

Question: 208

8. The map above best exemplifies which type of farming?

A. Specialty farming
B. Truck farming
C. Plantation
D. Monoculture
E. Polyculture

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

The map above best exemplifies which type of farming?

Question 209

Question: 209

9. The majority of workers in periphery countries are probably employed in which type of activities?

A. Primary
B. Secondary
C. Tertiary
D. Quaternary
E. Quinary

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

The majority of workers in periphery countries are probably employed in which type of activities?

Question 210

Question: 210

10. Which of the following countries is actively trying to preserve the purity of their native language from contamination by English or other languages?

A. Italy
B. Russia
C. Japan
D. Brazil
E. Canada

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

Which of the following countries is actively trying to preserve the purity of their native language from contamination by English or other languages?

Question 211

Question: 211

11. Which of the following languages is NOT an example of a creole language in use today?

A. Haitian Creole
B. Bazaar Malay
C. Swahili
D. Afrikaans
E. Hindi

Correct Answer: E

Explanation:

Which of the following languages is NOT an example of a creole language in use today?

Question 212

Question: 212

12. Ralph purchases garden fertilizer at the nearby garden shop rather than drive 50 miles to the neighboring town for the same product. This reflects which type of spatial interaction?

A. Transferability
B. Complementarity
C. Intervening opportunity
D. Territoriality
E. Distance decay

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

Ralph purchases garden fertilizer at the nearby garden shop rather than drive 50 miles to the neighboring town for the same product. This reflects which type of spatial interaction?

Question 213

Question: 213

13. Change in any culture is introduced through all the following processes EXCEPT

A. innovation.
B. diffusion.
C. acculturation.
D. invention.
E. gravity.

Correct Answer: E

Explanation:

Change in any culture is introduced through all the following processes EXCEPT

Question 214

Question: 214

14. Which of the following entities is a state?

A. Antarctica
B. American Samoa
C. Egypt
D. Marshall Islands
E. Puerto Rico

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

Which of the following entities is a state?

Question 215

Question: 215

15. Which of the following items is NOT a challenge to the state?

A. Transnational corporations
B. EU
C. World Trade Organization
D. Separatist movements
E. Good transportation network

Correct Answer: E

Explanation:

Which of the following items is NOT a challenge to the state?

Question 216

Question: 216

1. Which of the following is a characteristic of a developed country?

A. Over 50% of workforce engaged in agriculture
B. Women held in inferior place in society
C. Main disease related to age and lifestyle
D. High birth and death rates
E. Primary industries as main drivers of national economy

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

Which of the following is a characteristic of a developed country?

Question 217

Question: 217

2. Which of the following factors does NOT play a role in gender relationships in a culture or society?

A. Biology
B. Advancements in technological development
C. Religion
D. Custom
E. Agricultural advances

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

Which of the following factors does NOT play a role in gender relationships in a culture or society?

Question 218

Question: 218

3. Which group enacted the first effective settlement in the eastern United States?

A. French
B. British (English, Scotch-Irish, Welsh, Scottish)
C. Russian
D. Chinese
E. Swiss

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

Which group enacted the first effective settlement in the eastern United States?

Question 219

Question: 219

4. Which of the following activities are NOT secondary economic activities?

A. Assembling automotive parts
B. Sewing shirts
C. Mining copper
D. Binding books
E. Stamping out toy soldiers

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

Which of the following activities are NOT secondary economic activities?

Question 220

Question: 220

5. Which of the following statements is true concerning folklore?

A. It is the written tradition of a group.
B. It encourages changing the old values and customs.
C. It serves to blend all cultures into one.
D. It expresses in words the shared values of a group by expressing their ideals.
E. It cannot be shared among various cultural groups.

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

Which of the following statements is true concerning folklore?

Question 221

Question: 221

6. The rectangular land survey system is based on all of the following EXCEPT

A. block pattern of land survey.
B. rural road patterns.
C. dispersed pattern of isolated farmsteads.
D. French and Spanish settlement patterns.
E. homesteading.

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

The rectangular land survey system is based on all of the following EXCEPT

Question 222

Question: 222

7. The rate of natural increase of a population is found by subtracting the

A. crude death rate from the crude birth date.
B. crude birth rate from the crude death rate.
C. doubling time from the crude birth rate.
D. fertility rate from the crude death rate.
E. fertility rate from the crude birth rate.

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

The rate of natural increase of a population is found by subtracting the

Question 223

Question: 223

8. During the third stage of the demographic transition model, which of the following is true?

A. Birth rates increase and population growth rate is less rapid.
B. Birth rates decline and population growth rate is less rapid.
C. Birth rates increase and population growth rate increases.
D. Birth rates decrease and population growth rate increases.
E. Birth rates stay the same and population growth rate decreases.

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

During the third stage of the demographic transition model, which of the following is true?

Question 224

Question: 224

9. Which of the following is NOT a feature of an export processing zone (EPZ)?

A. Tariff reductions on exports
B. Raw materials imported duty-free
C. Exemption from customs duties
D. Strict pollution regulations
E. Top-notch infrastructure

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

Which of the following is NOT a feature of an export processing zone (EPZ)?

Question 225

Question: 225

10. Transnational corporations distribute their operations

A. manufacturing goods where production costs are the highest.
B. conducting accounting and research services where economical.
C. based on comparative advantage.
D. with headquarters located in LDCs.
E. with headquarters located in MDCs.

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

Transnational corporations distribute their operations

Question 226

Question: 226

11. Which of the following statements is NOT part of Gunnar Myrdal's theory of cumulative causation?

A. Developing and developed regions share similarly in wealth through trade.
B. The core will always dominate the periphery.
C. Growth and prosperity of the core exists at the expense of the periphery.
D. Regions with initial advantage keep and expand it as they attract labor, capital, and trade.
E. Economic improvement in one area will trigger an economic decline in other areas.

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

Which of the following statements is NOT part of Gunnar Myrdal's theory of cumulative causation?

Question 227

Question: 227

12. Which zone contains low-income slums, ethnic ghettos, and general deterioration in Burgess's concentric zone model of urban form?

A. First
B. Second
C. Third
D. Fourth
E. Fifth

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

Which zone contains low-income slums, ethnic ghettos, and general deterioration in Burgess's concentric zone model of urban form?

Question 228

Question: 228

13. In which zone of Burgess's concentric zone model would one find better houses, single-family homes, and higher-rent apartments?

A. First
B. Second
C. Third
D. Fourth
E. Fifth

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

In which zone of Burgess's concentric zone model would one find better houses, single-family homes, and higher-rent apartments?

Question 229

Question: 229

14. In the above urban model, what could be said is the main theme dictating residential land use?

A. The areas of industrialization
B. The size of the CBD
C. The proximity of rich to poor housing
D. Transportation arteries
E. Circular expansion of the city

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

In the above urban model, what could be said is the main theme dictating residential land use?

Question 230

Question: 230

15. National sports teams, flags, national anthems, and national holidays all promote

A. nationalism.
B. sectarianism.
C. political unrest.
D. functional disputes.
E. resource disputes.

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

National sports teams, flags, national anthems, and national holidays all promote

Question 231

Question: 231

1. What condition occurs when the people of one state want to annex a territory whose population is ethnically related to that state's population but now under the rule of another state?

A. Nationalism
B. Resource dispute
C. Irredentism
D. Positional dispute
E. Functional dispute

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

What condition occurs when the people of one state want to annex a territory whose population is ethnically related to that state's population but now under the rule of another state?

Question 232

Question: 232

2. Which of the following statements is NOT accurate regarding the services provided by local governments in the United States?

A. Duplication of efforts occurs often.
B. Social problems of the central city spill over into the surrounding residential suburbs.
C. Inefficiency in providing services occurs often.
D. One neighborhood's efforts to reduce pollution are always supported by neighboring communities.
E. Land zoned for a shopping mall in one municipality may conflict with the wishes of a neighboring municipality.

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

Which of the following statements is NOT accurate regarding the services provided by local governments in the United States?

Question 233

Question: 233

3. Which of the following is NOT usually a possible reason for migration?

A. Educational opportunities
B. Environmental appeals or dislikes
C. Changes in life cycle
D. Political party affiliation
E. Retirement comforts

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

Which of the following is NOT usually a possible reason for migration?

Question 234

Question: 234

4. All the following factors can be considered pull factors of migration EXCEPT

A. safety.
B. better climate.
C. better schools.
D. job opportunities.
E. overcrowding.

Correct Answer: E

Explanation:

All the following factors can be considered pull factors of migration EXCEPT

Question 235

Question: 235

5. Which of the following items below is NOT considered a barrier to the diffusion of an innovation?

A. Internet
B. Distance
C. Cultural obstacles
D. Government interference
E. Rough terrain and oceans

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

Which of the following items below is NOT considered a barrier to the diffusion of an innovation?

Question 236

Question: 236

6. Which of the following is NOT an example of syncretism?

A. Halloween
B. Foreign cuisine changed to suit American tastes
C. Hasidic Judaism
D. Catholicism in Louisiana
E. Mahayana Buddhism

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

Which of the following is NOT an example of syncretism?

Question 237

Question: 237

7. College students who live in dormitories near the college cafeteria are more likely to eat in the cafeteria. This is an example of

A. gravity concept.
B. distance decay.
C. complementarity.
D. transferability.
E. movement bias.

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

College students who live in dormitories near the college cafeteria are more likely to eat in the cafeteria. This is an example of

Question 238

Question: 238

8. New stores opening around a large shopping mall reflect which concept?

A. Gravity concept
B. Distance decay
C. Complementarity
D. Transferability
E. Movement bias

Correct Answer: E

Explanation:

New stores opening around a large shopping mall reflect which concept?

Question 239

Question: 239

9. In the above map of Iowa, which of the following land survey methods has been used?

A. Long lots
B. New England village
C. Metes and bounds
D. Rectangular
E. Agricultural village

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

In the above map of Iowa, which of the following land survey methods has been used?

Question 240

Question: 240

10. A systematic way of transferring a spherical surface to a flat map is called a(n)

A. map scale.
B. map projection.
C. legend.
D. aggregation.
E. simplification.

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

A systematic way of transferring a spherical surface to a flat map is called a(n)

Question 241

Question: 241

11. What object in the photo below is the most distinctive expression of regional identity?

A. Tree in the courtyard
B. Lights by the front door
C. Adobe construction of the houses
D. Cross by the front door
E. Mountains in the background

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

What object in the photo below is the most distinctive expression of regional identity?

Question 242

Question: 242

12. The tendency for migration to decrease with distance is called

A. push factors.
B. pull factors.
C. distance decay.
D. migration selectivity.
E. migration stream.

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

The tendency for migration to decrease with distance is called

Question 243

Question: 243

13. Zero population growth (ZPG) is achieved when

A. CBR – CDR 5 2.
B. Births 1 immigration 5 deaths 1 emigration.
C. Total fertility 5 3.
D. Replacement fertility is achieved.
E. TFR 5 2.5.

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

Zero population growth (ZPG) is achieved when

Question 244

Question: 244

14. The tendency for a population to continue to grow long after replacement fertility has been achieved is called

A. zero population growth.
B. rapid growth rate.
C. homeostatic plateau.
D. demographic momentum.
E. overpopulation.

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

The tendency for a population to continue to grow long after replacement fertility has been achieved is called

Question 245

Question: 245

15. Which of the following is NOT a spread effect in the core-periphery model of development?

A. Congestion in the core
B. High cost of labor in the core
C. High density in the core
D. Environmental decay in the core
E. More infrastructure in the core

Correct Answer: E

Explanation:

Which of the following is NOT a spread effect in the core-periphery model of development?

Question 246

Question: 246

1. Which of the following could be considered a higher-order central place function?

A. Winn-Dixie grocery store
B. Mercedes-Benz dealership
C. Shoe store
D. Family doctor
E. Medical clinic

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

Which of the following could be considered a higher-order central place function?

Question 247

Question: 247

2. How do city planners separate discordant land uses such as housing and sewage plants?

A. Malls
B. Fences
C. Zoning
D. Tunnels
E. Rivers

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

How do city planners separate discordant land uses such as housing and sewage plants?

Question 248

Question: 248

3. The construction of freeways leads to all but which of the following results?

A. Urban sprawl
B. Traffic increase
C. Traffic congestion
D. Decreased dependency on cars
E. Need for more freeways

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

The construction of freeways leads to all but which of the following results?

Question 249

Question: 249

4. What do the terms apartheid, ethnic cleansing, and integration all have in common?

A. They all occurred in Nazi Germany during World War I.
B. They are all forms of residential segregation.
C. They are all ways to integrate different ethnic populations in neighborhoods.
D. They are different expressions for the same concept.
E. They are all forms of community bonding.

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

What do the terms apartheid, ethnic cleansing, and integration all have in common?

Question 250

Question: 250

5. Which of the following countries is NOT a federal state?

A. Canada
B. United States
C. France
D. People's Republic of China
E. Brazil

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

Which of the following countries is NOT a federal state?

Question 251

Question: 251

6. Which of the following situations does NOT occur in a federal state?

A. Central government possesses a two-level system of government.
B. Central government governs country as a single unit.
C. It often possesses a written constitution.
D. Lower-level divisions have unique powers.
E. Lower-level divisions have their own government and budget.

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

Which of the following situations does NOT occur in a federal state?

Question 252

Question: 252

7. Quebec is a strong example of which of the following situations?

A. Irredentism
B. Secession
C. Ethnonationalism
D. A colony
E. A nation-state

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

Quebec is a strong example of which of the following situations?

Question 253

Question: 253

8. Which of the following characteristics is NOT true of a state?

A. Independent territory
B. Internationally recognized
C. Boundaries
D. Full sovereignty over land of the inhabitants
E. A national language

Correct Answer: E

Explanation:

Which of the following characteristics is NOT true of a state?

Question 254

Question: 254

9. Mary lives in a neighborhood with stores, offices, and restaurants so close that she does not need to own a car; however, she feels she has very little privacy. This is an example of a(n)

A. win-win.
B. trade-off.
C. infill.
D. leapfrog development.
E. ecologically sensitive space.

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

Mary lives in a neighborhood with stores, offices, and restaurants so close that she does not need to own a car; however, she feels she has very little privacy. This is an example of a(n)

Question 255

Question: 255

10. In a postindustrial economy, which of the following resources is considered most important to increase productivity?

A. Energy
B. Labor
C. Information
D. Specialization
E. Mechanization

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

In a postindustrial economy, which of the following resources is considered most important to increase productivity?

Question 256

Question: 256

11. Which of the following would NOT be considered a barrier to diffusion of a cultural trait?

A. Language
B. Religion
C. Oceans
D. Economic factors
E. Tolerant complaisant citizens

Correct Answer: E

Explanation:

Which of the following would NOT be considered a barrier to diffusion of a cultural trait?

Question 257

Question: 257

12. Which of the following is a functional region?

A. Dixie
B. Pennsylvania
C. The market area of Winn-Dixie
D. The Pacific Northwest
E. The Bible Belt.

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

Which of the following is a functional region?

Question 258

Question: 258

13. To get to school in the morning, we ALL use this as our guide:

A. Rand-McNally Road Atlas.
B. world globe.
C. road map.
D. GIS.
E. mental map.

Correct Answer: E

Explanation:

To get to school in the morning, we ALL use this as our guide:

Question 259

Question: 259

14. A population pyramid, or age-sex structure, displays all the following information about a country's population EXCEPT

A. future social spending needs of the population.
B. the impact of "baby booms" on the population.
C. the impact of wars on the population.
D. a quick visual depiction of the country's demographics.
E. the country's actual population in numbers.

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

A population pyramid, or age-sex structure, displays all the following information about a country's population EXCEPT

Question 260

Question: 260

15. Which of the following statements about East Asia's industrial regions is true?

A. Japan has a rich natural resource base.
B. China lacks natural resources but has a massive labor force.
C. China is industrializing rapidly.
D. Taiwan lacks industrial enterprise and an educated workforce.
E. Singapore is still considered a developing industrialized state.

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

Which of the following statements about East Asia's industrial regions is true?

Question 261

Question: 261

1. Human-induced environmental change is often referred to as

A. anthropomorphic.
B. anthropocentric.
C. anthropogenic.
D. unsustainable.
E. environmental determinism.

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

(C) Anthropogenic, by definition, means human-induced changes on the physical environment. The other options are tricky only because they look similar to this term.

Question 262

Question: 262

2. Conserving resources to ensure enough for future generations is called

A. subsistence agriculture.
B. sustainability.
C. cultural ecology.
D. environmental determinism.
E. the organic movement.

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

(B) Sustainability is the idea of using Earth's resources in such a way that the needs of the current population are provided for without compromising the ability of future generations to use the same resources.

Question 263

Question: 263

3. ______________ argued that cultural landscapes should form the basic unit of geographic inquiry.

A. Ptolemy
B. George Perkins Marsh
C. Eratosthenes
D. Carl Sauer
E. W. D. Pattison

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

(D) Carl Sauer developed the notion of a cultural landscape to describe the parts of Earth's surface that have been modified by human activities. He also argued that virtually all of Earth's surface has in some way been affected by human activity and thus paved the way for environmental geography.

Question 264

Question: 264

4. A thematic layer is

A. a method used in cartography to produce mathematically accurate map projections.
B. a map portraying a particular feature that is used in a GIS.
C. used in GPS systems to provide more accurate navigational information.
D. a map used by early explorers to find particular resources in new regions of the earth.
E. used as a method to analyze thematic regions.

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

(B) The purpose of GIS is to provide a tool to understand and analyze spatial relationships between different phenomena better. This goal is accomplished by overlaying different thematic layers, or maps with different geographic information, on top of one another.

Question 265

Question: 265

5. Which of the following is the oldest field of geography?

A. Cultural ecology
B. Conservation biology
C. Cartography
D. Environmental geography
E. Physical geography

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

(C) The first geographers were primarily interested in exploration. Cartography allowed these first geographers to map the information gleaned from their expeditions.

Question 266

Question: 266

1. A perceptual region's boundaries are

A. determined by a set of uniform physical or cultural characteristics across a particular area.
B. drawn around the functions that occur between a particular place and the surrounding area.
C. determined by the portion of a particular area that has been modified by human activities.
D. fuzzy because they allow for individual interpretation.
E. designated by the inclusion of a particular cultural characteristic.

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

(D) Perceptual regions are determined by commonly perceived characteristics of particular places on the earth's surface. Different individuals have different ideas about where these characteristics begin and end. Thus, the boundaries are necessarily fuzzy.

Question 267

Question: 267

2. If a geographer performs a study on people's perceptions of the Deep South using interviews as the primary data source, the geographer's method is

A. quantitative.
B. systematic.
C. anthropogenic.
D. qualitative.
E. idiographic.

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

(D) Qualitative data are more humanistic, often collected through interviews, empirical observations, and interpretation of texts, artwork, old maps, and other archives. Quantitative data are typically numerically based, understood, and evaluated with statistical methods.

Question 268

Question: 268

3. Which of the following is true concerning regions?

A. They are strict functional units.
B. They are usually defined by a standard mathematical formula.
C. They are figments of the imagination.
D. They are conceptual units.
E. They all have well-defined boundaries.

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

(D) Regions are an organizing tool that allow geographers to combine areas with similar features into one conceptual unit that provides them with a more manageable unit for analysis.

Question 269

Question: 269

4. Geographic scale refers to

A. the ratio between distance on a map and distance on Earth's surface.
B. a conceptual hierarchy of spaces.
C. a notion of place based on an individual's perception of space.
D. the many ways that people define regions.
E. the level of aggregation at which geographers investigate a particular process.

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

(B) Geographic scale refers to a scale of analysis. It looks at phenomena through a hierarchy of scale such as neighborhood, city, state, and nation.

Question 270

Question: 270

1. Seattle is located on Puget Sound in northwestern Washington. It has a large university, a famous downtown market, and a moist, marine climate. Seattle's primary economic activities include ship and aircraft construction and high-technology enterprises. This information gives us a description of Seattle's

A. situation.
B. cognitive image.
C. site.
D. landscape.
E. relative distance.

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

(C) Site is a description of the qualities of a place, independent of that place's relationship to other places around it. Situation refers to a place's relationship to the other places around it.

Question 271

Question: 271

2. Lines of longitude

A. never meet.
B. begin at the equator.
C. are referred to as parallels.
D. intersect at the poles.
E. contain the two tropics.

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

(D) All latitudes are parallel, but all lines of longitude converge at the North and South Poles. In many map projections

Question 272

Question: 272

3. Even though some cities are far apart in terms of absolute distance, they are actually quite connected economically and socially. This is representative of

A. topographic space.
B. cognitive space.
C. relative distance.
D. relative location.
E. situation.

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

(C) Relative distance the level of connectivity between places. Although some places may be quite far from each other in absolute space, in actuality they might be quite close in terms of the economic, social, and cultural relationships between them. New York and Los Angeles are much more connected in terms of economic and cultural relationships than are Los Angeles and Lincoln, Nebraska, even though Nebraska is much closer in absolute distance to Los Angeles.

Question 273

Question: 273

4. Which of the following is a true statement regarding time-space convergence?

A. Places seem to all look the same.
B. Places seem to be getting closer together.
C. Places are increasingly concentrated on maintaining their histories.
D. Places are making more of an effort to converge activities to save time.
E. Places are implementing more rapid forms of transportation.

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

(B) Time-space convergence is the notion that distance between places seems to be "shrinking" with increased improvements in transportation and communication technologies.

Question 274

Question: 274

5. Which of the following is NOT a measure of relative distance?

A. 2,339 centimeters
B. 35 seconds
C. Two dollars and fifty cents
D. 216 footsteps
E. 15 minutes

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

(A) Since the centimeter is a standard unit of measurement, it is a measure of absolute distance that can be universally understood across the globe.

Question 275

Question: 275

1. Tobler's First Law of Geography states, "Everything is related to everything else, but

A. distant things are generally unrelated."
B. near things are more closely related than you might think."
C. distance is always a factor."
D. near things are more related than distant things."
E. distance is relative."

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

(D) Tobler's First Law of Geography expresses the concept of distance decay. Generally, things are less related the farther away they are from each other in absolute space.

Question 276

Question: 276

2. Rap music first appeared in New York in the 1970s. Later it spread to large cities with vibrant African American populations

A. relocation potential.
B. hierarchical diffusion.
C. contagious diffusion.
D. cultural diffusion.
E. cascade diffusion.

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

(B) Hierarchical diffusion is the form of spatial diffusion that occurs when a phenomenon spreads from one place to another because the places have something in common. Large cities were the first to adopt rap music. Rap later spread to medium and small cities across the United States, but it has yet to be fully absorbed into many rural areas.

Question 277

Question: 277

3. Stores and restaurants in Oregon that find it cheaper to buy fresh vegetables grown in California than to buy those grown in Florida are taking advantage of

A. expansion diffusion.
B. distance decay.
C. economies of scale.
D. intervening opportunities.
E. retail gravitation.

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

(D) An intervening opportunity exists when a closer source is available for the supply of some desired good or service. All else being equal, people tend to prefer closer sources of goods and services to those farther away.

Question 278

Question: 278

4. According to the gravity model, which two places are most likely to have a high level of interaction?

A. Two cities with very large populations but separated by the Atlantic Ocean like New York and London
B. Two cities with medium populations separated by a whole continent like Grand Rapids, Michigan, and Gulf Shores, Alabama
C. Two cities with small populations that are relatively close together like Richmond, Virginia, and Winchester, Kentucky
D. Two cities, one with a large population and the other with a medium population that are very close in distance like Seattle and Tacoma, Washington
E. Two cities with medium populations that are relatively close to each other like Akron, Ohio, and Springfield, Missouri

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

(D) The gravity model predicts the level of interaction between two cities in terms of their populations and distances apart from one another. The correct option has a very large numerator (product of both populations) and a very small denominator (distance between Seattle and Tacoma). Thus, the resulting level of interaction will be quite high.

Question 279

Question: 279

5. Which of the following is NOT a good example of a barrier to spatial diffusion?

A. A mountain range
B. A different language
C. A different dietary preference
D. A highway system
E. A strict religious system

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

(D) A highway system facilitates diffusion because it connects places. In contrast, the other four options prevent certain innovations and cultural traits from spreading.

Question 280

Question: 280

1. The ratio between distance on a map and distance on Earth's surface is called the

A. projection.
B. resolution.
C. scale.
D. azimuth.
E. aggregation.

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

(C) In cartography, scale refers to the ratio of map distance to the distance on the earth's surface. Large-scale maps have a large ratio, such as 1:2,000. Small-scale maps have a small ratio, such as 1:200,000.

Question 281

Question: 281

2. Cartography is the art and science of

A. demographics.
B. mapmaking.
C. spatial orientation.
D. cognitive imagery.
E. making visualizations.

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

(B) Cartography is the art and science of mapmaking. Cartography is an art because of the challenge of effectively communicating spatial information in an aesthetically pleasing way. It is a science because of the difficulty of transforming the three-dimensional Earth onto a two-dimensional piece of paper.

Question 282

Question: 282

3. Map projections attempt to correct for errors in

A. transferability.
B. area, distance, scale, and proportion.
C. area, distance, shape, and direction.
D. distance, proximity, and topology.
E. distance, shape, and lines of latitude and longitude.

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

(C) Map projections represent attempts by cartographers to correct for the simple geometrical fact that a spherical or geoidal surface, such as Earth, cannot be accurately depicted on a two-dimensional surface. Map projections attempt to correct for errors in the area and shape of features on Earth's surface, errors in the distance between places, and errors in the compass direction from one place to another.

Question 283

Question: 283

4. The Mercator projection preserves

A. direction.
B. area.
C. shape.
D. scale.
E. distance.

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

(A) The Mercator projection accurately preserves compass direction. However, because the lines of longitude do not meet at the poles in the Mercator projection as they do on the globe, area is distorted, with increasing inaccuracy at high latitudes.

Question 284

Question: 284

5. Topographic maps use which of the following symbols to convey change over space?

A. Tonal shadings
B. Isolines
C. Proportional symbols
D. Location charts
E. Cartograms

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

(B) Isolines, or contours, are lines of equal value. Isolines are used on topographic maps to show the locations of places with equal elevation. Isolines are also commonly used for maps that represent spatial densities, such as population density or pollution concentration.

Question 285

Question: 285

6. Which of the following map projections preserves the correct shape of Earth's landmasses?

A. Fuller projection
B. Mercator
C. Robinson
D. Mollewide
E. Smithsonian

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

(A) The Fuller projection correctly preserves area and shape, although distance and direction are severely distorted.

Question 286

Question: 286

7. The size of a map's smallest discernable unit is its

A. scale.
B. density.
C. region.
D. resolution.
E. projection.

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

(D) Resolution is important in geography. The smallest discernable unit is directly related to both the map's scale and to the amount of spatial data that can be displayed. Generally, large-scale maps have a greater resolution, although this is not always the case.

Question 287

Question: 287

1. Which of the following regions is currently experiencing the fastest population growth?

A. Northern Asia
B. Tropical Africa
C. Eastern Europe
D. Sun Belt
E. Northeast United States

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

(B) Tropical Africa is one of the fastest-growing areas in the world. Increases in crop production and better access to medical care, combined with high fertility rates, have caused tremendous population growth throughout the region. Cities, like Lagos, Nigeria, are also among the fastest-growing urban areas anywhere. Although the Sun Belt region of the United States has grown rapidly since World War II, this growth is nowhere near as sudden or as dramatic as that of tropical Africa.

Question 288

Question: 288

2. Most of the world's people live in

A. the world's poorest countries.
B. the southern hemisphere.
C. the developed world.
D. China.
E. urban areas in the developed world.

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

(A) Approximately 80% of the world's population lives in the less-developed countries, which include all of Africa, Asia (excluding Japan), Latin America, and the island nations of the Caribbean and Pacific.

Question 289

Question: 289

3. Throughout human history, world population has

A. grown at a steady rate.
B. experienced numerous periods of dramatic decline.
C. been confined to countries in the southern hemisphere.
D. grown most rapidly over the last 200 years.
E. grown most rapidly in the developed world.

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

(D) Human population has demonstrated overall steady growth throughout human history; however, in the last 200 years, population has been growing at exponential rates.

Question 290

Question: 290

4. ______________ occurs when a population is adding a fixed percentage of people to a growing population each year.

A. Doubling
B. Arithmetic growth
C. Overpopulation
D. Exponential growth
E. Demographic accounting

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

(D) When you add a fixed number of people to a growing population each year, it is called arithmetic growth, but when you add a fixed percentage of people each year, it is called exponential growth. Exponential growth is compound, since the same percentage is being added to an increasing population each year; if the population is growing, then the same percentage will include more people next year than it does this year.

Question 291

Question: 291

5. Life expectancy has increased

A. only in the most-developed countries.
B. only in the least-developed countries.
C. due to increased food production.
D. worldwide.
E. due to the Green Revolution.

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

(D) Life expectancy varies both between countries and within countries and is related to many factors, including race, sex, and wealth.

Question 292

Question: 292

1. The number of live births per thousand people per year is called the

A. total fertility rate.
B. natural increase rate.
C. crude birth rate.
D. exponential growth rate.
E. infant growth rate.

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

(C) Many people get the total fertility rate (TFR) and the crude birth rate (CBR) mixed up. The TFR refers to the average number of children born to a woman over the course of her life.

Question 293

Question: 293

2. Which of the following countries is most likely to be showing the lowest natural increase rate?

A. Afghanistan
B. Liechtenstein
C. United States
D. Japan
E. Chile

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

(B) Liechtenstein is a small, wealthy, and highly developed country located in the European Alps between Switzerland and Austria. Like other wealthy European countries with aging populations, Liechtenstein's growth rate is currently less than 1%.

Question 294

Question: 294

3. Total fertility rate is NOT closely correlated with which of the following?

A. Industrial output
B. Gender empowerment
C. Education
D. Economic development
E. Literacy

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

(A) Although the total fertility rate is correlated with overall development, its relationship to industrial output is less direct. Small, highly developed countries, like Liechtenstein, may have little heavy industry but low fertility rates, while countries like Brazil may have much more industrial activity but much higher fertility rates. Gender empowerment, education, and general economic development are all closely correlated with fertility.

Question 295

Question: 295

4. The demographic accounting equation does NOT take into account ______________ when calculating a country's population.

A. the death rates
B. emigration
C. natural increase over time
D. instances when natural increase is negative
E. immigration

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

(C) The demographic accounting equation predicts a country's future population on the basis of current birth rates, death rates, immigration rates, and emigration rates. It is not always a very accurate prediction, because these rates can change dramatically over time.

Question 296

Question: 296

5. Within the United States, overall life expectancy

A. is limited by an unusually high infant mortality rate.
B. varies between various cohorts within the larger population.
C. varies between regions, with people in the Southwest living longer on average.
D. All of the above
E. Both (B) and (C)

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

(B) On average, white American males live longer than males of other races within the United States. Generally, life expectancy is calculated for particular countries; thus, it would be hard to determine regional variations in this statistic.

Question 297

Question: 297

1. Millions of ______________ came to the United States during the early years of the 20th century.

A. suburbanites
B. emigrants
C. immigrants
D. refugees
E. colonists

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

(C) During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, millions of immigrants came to the United States from all over the world. Many came from southern and Western Europe in search of new economic opportunities.

Question 298

Question: 298

2. In the 1930s, thousands of "Okies" fled the Dust Bowl of the southern Great Plains and moved to the fertile agricultural regions of California to start a new life. This is an example of

A. external migration.
B. eco-migration.
C. political migration.
D. economic migration.
E. forced migration.

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

(B) The Dust Bowl refugees, often called Okies, left the southern Great Plains because of the environmental disaster of the Dust Bowl. When people leave an area because of environmental factors, it is called eco-migration.

Question 299

Question: 299

3. Which of the following is the result of chain migration?

A. The African slave trade
B. French colonial rule
C. The formation of Israel
D. San Francisco's Chinatown
E. Colonization of the American frontier

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

(D) Ethnic urban enclaves, such as San Francisco's Chinatown, result when people follow those who went before them in migrating from one region to another. Chinatown has been an attractive place for many Chinese immigrants to settle after arriving in the United States because of the neighborhood's familiar language and customs.

Question 300

Question: 300

4. Refugees are produced through

A. cultural migration.
B. forced migration.
C. internal migration.
D. economic migration.
E. chain migration.

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

(B) Refugees, by definition, are people who are forced to leave their homes and move to a new place. Refugees can be produced through any type of forced migration, such as religious persecution, environmental degradation, or even natural disasters.

Question 301

Question: 301

5. Many recent college graduates and young professionals move to large, vibrant cities

A. economic factors.
B. mobility opportunities.
C. suburban amenities.
D. pull factors.
E. push factors.

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

(D) Pull factors include anything that draws someone from one place to another. Cities provide strong pull factors for young people looking for economic opportunities and recreational diversions.

Question 302

Question: 302

6. Suburbanization is most evident in

A. older American cities like Boston.
B. large European cities like Madrid.
C. regionally planned Canadian cities like Toronto.
D. newer American cities like Las Vegas.
E. large South American cities like Sao Paulo.

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

(D) Most newer American cities, and newer areas of older American cities, have been designed to accommodate sprawling suburban housing communities and wide highways geared for automobile transportation. Although some European cities have been affected by sprawl, it is much less of a problem in countries like France and Germany, where people tend to live in older neighborhoods and the car is less important for transportation. Some Canadian cities, such as Toronto, have limited sprawl through well-coordinated urban planning.

Question 303

Question: 303

7. The Sun Belt includes

A. the Rocky Mountain States.
B. Alabama and Louisiana.
C. Texas and New Mexico.
D. Southern Nevada, southern California, and South Florida.
E. Florida, Georgia, Alabama, and South Carolina.

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

(D) Parts of the Rocky Mountains, the Old South, and the Southwest are all considered to be within the Sun Belt. However, each of these regions also contains areas that have not benefited from the economic growth associated from the Sun Belt phenomenon. Southern Nevada, southern California, and South Florida are all classic Sun Belt regions.

Question 304

Question: 304

1. Thomas Malthus predicted that

A. technology will offset population growth.
B. the distribution of resources would be a continuing problem.
C. population would outpace food production.
D. the environment would allow less food to be grown in the future.
E. the Green Revolution would provide agricultural technology to support increasing populations.

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

(C) Thomas Malthus predicted that food production would grow arithmetically while population would grow geometrically (exponentially). Malthus's theory has been criticized because it does not account for other factors affecting food production and population, such as technology, the distribution of food resources, personal choice, and environmental change.

Question 305

Question: 305

2. Which of the following countries is at stage two of the demographic transition model?

A. San Marino
B. Nigeria
C. Denmark
D. Russia
E. Finland

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

(B) In stage two of the demographic transition model, a country's population growth is high because death rates have decreased but birth rates have not. Nigeria's explosive population growth is an example of this situation. Denmark, Russia, and San Marino have all advanced to stage three, in which fertility decreases and population growth slows down.

Question 306

Question: 306

3. A rectangle-shaped population pyramid indicates a country that is

A. growing slowly or not at all.
B. growing rapidly.
C. experiencing high immigration rates.
D. composed mainly of the older age classes.
E. highly dependent on the economically productive generations.

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

(A) A triangle-shaped population pyramid indicates that there is a high percentage of young people in the population and that it is growing rapidly. A rectangle-shaped age-sex distribution means that the population is composed of a more even range of older and younger people and that the population is growing slowly or not at all.

Question 307

Question: 307

4. The baby boom

A. occurred in the years following World War I.
B. was a result of free love during the late 1960s.
C. was fostered by economic prosperity and relative peace.
D. was limited to California and the West.
E. was described by the off-beat author Douglas Coupland.

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

(C) The baby boom, which occurred during the years following World War II, was a national phenomenon in which economic prosperity and relative peace were accompanied by high fertility rates. Although fertility began to decline as early as the late 1940s, the baby boom generation became the most numerous, wealthiest, and most prosperous generation in American history.

Question 308

Question: 308

5. When baby boomers have reached retirement age, what will the population pyramid for the United States look like?

A. An hourglass, wide at both top and bottom but narrow in the middle
B. Relatively rectangular, with a slight bulge near the top
C. Carrot-shaped, a narrow bottom and wide top
D. Pear-shaped, wide at the bottom, but narrow at the top
E. None of these

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

(B) The baby boom is a large cohort of the American population, larger than the generation behind them. When they reach retirement age, their bracket, near the top of the pyramid, will most likely be larger than other segments of the pyramid. This demonstrates the magnitude of the dependency ratio, or number of individuals relying on younger, economically productive generations for support.

Question 309

Question: 309

1. Which of the following countries would you expect to have the densest population?

A. China
B. Peru
C. Mexico
D. Belgium
E. Colombia

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

(D) Small northern European countries, such as the Netherlands and Belgium, are some of the most densely populated in the world. China has the largest population of any country on Earth, yet its immense size allows for large, sparsely populated rural areas to remain.

Question 310

Question: 310

2. Carrying capacity is a function of

A. echnology.
B. natural resources.
C. resource allocation.
D. limiting factors.
E. (A), (B), and (D)

Correct Answer: E

Explanation:

(E) The quality and quantity of natural resources available in an area and technological innovations that help people to use those resources both affect carrying capacity. The limiting factor describes the resource in scarcest supply within a region and thus provides a method for understanding how big a population an area can adequately sustain. However, the limiting factor within a region can be extended by use of technological innovations. Because of this, carrying capacity changes over time and is notoriously hard to pin down.

Question 311

Question: 311

3. Population policy usually involves limitations on

A. fertility levels.
B. immigration levels.
C. education levels.
D. All of the above
E. Both (A) and (B)

Correct Answer: E

Explanation:

(E) These two forces, births and immigration, are the largest contributors to population increase within a country. Humane population policy usually seeks to limit or decrease somehow the fertility level within a country, or it seeks to limit the number of individuals allowed into a particular country.

Question 312

Question: 312

4. India and China are the world's two most populous countries. While China has instituted a strict population policy, India

A. for cultural reasons, encourages women to continue to reproduce.
B. does not endorse birth control because of the Catholic majority.
C. encourages lower fertility through education and access to family planning.
D. has a similar policy to China.
E. because of its agricultural system, encourages reproduction.

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

(C) Population policies implemented within countries usually reflect the country's prevailing ideologies and, thus, usually its political system. China is a communist-controlled country, which was demonstrated in their strict enforcement of their one-child policy. However, India is a democratic nation that encourages, rather than demands, lower fertility through increased education and access to family planning.

Question 313

Question: 313

1. Cultural geography is the study of

A. global customs and artifacts.
B. cultural complexes.
C. the spatial distribution of cultural traits.
D. human-environment relationships.
E. how cultures change through time.

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

(C) Cultural geographers do study customs, artifacts, cultural complexes, and human-environment relationships; however, what makes cultural geography different from other disciplines, like anthropology, is its focus on the spatial distribution and diffusion of human cultures.

Question 314

Question: 314

2. Throughout history, numerous colonial powers have argued that certain types of people, living in certain areas of the world, are less able to govern themselves because of the qualities they have developed due to their interactions with natural factors, such as climate. This is an example of

A. environmental determinism.
B. cultural ecology.
C. possibilism.
D. ecumenism.
E. positivism.

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

(A) Environmental determinism is the notion that human traits or historical events are directly attributable to environmental factors, that people's actions are determined by environmental factors. This idea has been discredited as simplistic and racist. Possibilism, the notion that humans have agency and yet are limited somewhat by the environmental surroundings, provides an attractive alternative to environmental determinism.

Question 315

Question: 315

3. Cultural traditions, such as Christmas, are ____________ since they borrow from the past and are continually reinvented in the present.

A. erratic
B. inauthentic
C. complex
D. syncretic
E. ecumenical

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

(D) The term "syncretic" refers to something, such as a cultural tradition, that borrows from multiple sources.

Question 316

Question: 316

4. The cultural hearth of Christianity is in

A. New York.
B. Rome.
C. Israel.
D. South Carolina.
E. Turkey.

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

(C) Rome is the center and headquarters of Catholicism, which is the largest wing of Christianity. However, the hearth, or birthplace, of Christianity is in Israel, where Jesus was born and lived his life.

Question 317

Question: 317

5. Wooden shoes characteristic of the Dutch culture are an example of a(n)

A. mentifact.
B. artifact.
C. custom.
D. syncretism.
E. complex.

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

(B) Artifacts are the material aspects of a particular culture and would include such things as wooden shoes or other fashion apparel, along with artwork or tools.

Question 318

Question: 318

1. The most widespread language family on Earth is the

A. Sino-Tibetan.
B. Romance.
C. Germanic.
D. Indo-European.
E. Mandarin Chinese.

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

(D) The Indo-European family includes the Romance and Germanic groups. About 50% of the world's people speak Indo-European languages.

Question 319

Question: 319

2. People in London, Melbourne, Vancouver, and Mumbai all speak

A. a pidgin language.
B. lingua francas.
C. different dialects.
D. official languages.
E. different Creoles.

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

(C) Although many people in all of these cities speak English, the versions of English that they speak all vary somewhat in pronunciation, spelling, and other characteristics.

Question 320

Question: 320

3. Acculturation is a common cause of

A. illiteracy.
B. language extinction.
C. assimilation.
D. creolization.
E. cultural diffusion.

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

(B) Literally thousands of languages are currently in danger of becoming extinct. Reasons for language extinctions include genocide, cultural collapse, and acculturation.

Question 321

Question: 321

4. A simple trade language is called a

A. lingua franca.
B. pidgin.
C. dialect.
D. Creole.
E. syncretic.

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

(A) Simple trade languages are called lingua francas and use terms developed and understood by both cultures to complete economic transactions.

Question 322

Question: 322

5. Literacy rates vary by

A. sex.
B. location.
C. education.
D. economic development.
E. All of the above

Correct Answer: E

Explanation:

(E) Sex, geographic location, education, and economic development are all factors affecting literacy rates. In many countries where women are prevented from attaining education, women's literacy rates are considerably lower then men's.

Question 323

Question: 323

1. All evangelical religions are also

A. local religions.
B. universal religions.
C. animist religions.
D. ethnic religions.
E. polytheistic religions.

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

(B) A universal religion is one that seeks to unite people from different backgrounds under one all-encompassing faith. Christianity is the best example of an evangelical, universalizing religion.

Question 324

Question: 324

2. Local Native American and African religions that teach a belief in a natural world full of spiritual beings and supernatural powers are often referred to as

A. animist.
B. shamanistic.
C. missionary.
D. denominational.
E. local religions.

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

(A) Many animist religions also include a shamanistic aspect. However, shamanism itself refers specifically to beliefs in which a single person takes on supernatural and healing powers.

Question 325

Question: 325

3. The world's most widespread religion is

A. Islam.
B. Animism.
C. Christianity.
D. Hinduism.
E. Buddhism.

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

(C) With about 2.4 billion believers, Christianity is the most widespread world religion. Islam is the second largest, and Hinduism is the third.

Question 326

Question: 326

4. The hearth and spiritual center of Islam is at

A. Baghdad.
B. Cairo.
C. Jakarta.
D. Mecca.
E. Jerusalem.

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

(D) Mecca is the hearth and holy city of Islam. Many Muslims face Mecca and pray several times each day.

Question 327

Question: 327

5. ____________ is an excellent example of a nonevangelical, universalizing religion.

A. Christianity
B. Buddhism
C. Protestantism
D. Polytheism
E. Hinduism

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

(B) Buddhism teaches beliefs about the nature of life and human suffering that are universally applicable, yet its adherents generally do not attempt to recruit followers.

Question 328

Question: 328

6. In ____________ religions, community, common history, and social relations are inextricably intertwined with spiritual beliefs.

A. monotheistic
B. local
C. evangelical
D. ethnic
E. universal

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

(D) In ethnic religions, culture, history, public life, and spiritual beliefs are interwoven. Examples of ethnic religions include Judaism and Hinduism.

Question 329

Question: 329

1. An ethnicity is defined as

A. a group of people with a common history.
B. a group of people with similar physical characteristics.
C. a group of people who share a common identity.
D. a group of people united against a common enemy.
E. a group of people with a similar religion.

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

(C) Whereas race connotes common physical characteristics, ethnicity connotes a common identity. Because people's outward traits do not necessarily say anything about their personal identities, and because the notion of race is associated with prejudice and superficiality, ethnicity has largely replaced it as a way of grouping people.

Question 330

Question: 330

2. In the 1990s, the United States

A. became less ethnically diverse.
B. decreased in overall population.
C. saw few changes in its ethnic composition.
D. saw dramatic changes in its ethnic composition.
E. remained relatively homogenous in its ethnic makeup.

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

(D) During the 1990s, large-scale immigration from Asia and Latin America dramatically changed the ethnic composition of the United States, making it a truly polyglot nation. In some areas, whites are no longer a majority.

Question 331

Question: 331

3. A group of people, all of the same ethnicity, live in the same area of a city near a nuclear waste facility. This is an example of a(n)

A. diaspora.
B. ghetto.
C. cultural landscape.
D. ethnic neighborhood.
E. gentrified neighborhood.

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

(B) A ghetto is a form of an ethnic neighborhood where individuals of a particular ethnicity are essentially forced to live. They usually exist in areas of a city where most individuals would rather not live, such as near a nuclear waste facility.

Question 332

Question: 332

4. Which is the most characteristic statement of a folk culture?

A. They look virtually the same anywhere on the globe.
B. Individuals within the culture specialize in producing specific goods for the community.
C. They quickly adopt new techniques useful for their community.
D. They have a subsistence economy.
E. They have weak ties to friends and family.

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

(D) Folk cultures vary significantly over space as opposed to pop culture, which looks similar everywhere you encounter it. Also, pop culture is characterized by a consumer economy, whereas folk cultures practice a subsistence economy; individuals usually do not specialize in any one activity but instead provide multiple goods and skills for the community.

Question 333

Question: 333

1. A ______________ is a group of people with a common political identity, and a ______________ is a country with recognized borders.

A. territory . . . federalism
B. nation . . . territory
C. state . . . nation
D. nation . . . state
E. territory . . . state

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

(D) Although the terms "nation" and "state" are often used interchangeably, they actually have specific and quite different definitions. Nation connotes a common sense of political identity, while a state has an official government and geographic borders.

Question 334

Question: 334

2. ______________ governments are organized into a geographically based hierarchy of local government agencies.

A. Federal
B. Territorial
C. Consolidated
D. Electoral
E. National

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

(A) A federal system is a form of territorial, or geographically subdivided, organization in which governments give their constituent territories some degree of autonomy. Federal governments are frequently broken down into states, counties, parishes or other local areas, municipalities, voting districts, and so on, each of which has specific powers within its borders.

Question 335

Question: 335

3. With its system of regional provinces, Canada is an example of a(n)

A. microstate.
B. electoral state.
C. reapportioned state.
D. federal state.
E. nation-state.

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

(D) Canada, like the United States and Mexico, has a federally organized government in which power is distributed to local areas, in this case, regional provinces.

Question 336

Question: 336

4. The drawing of new voting districts is called

A. reapportionment.
B. gerrymandering.
C. reelection.
D. redrawing.
E. discretization.

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

(A) After a census, the demographic data collected is used to form more accurate boundaries around voting districts to ensure fair representation within a political district. This process is called reapportionment or redistricting.

Question 337

Question: 337

5. When voting districts are redrawn in such a way that they purposely favor a political party, they have been

A. vetoed.
B. reapportioned.
C. redistricted.
D. gerrymandered.
E. reelected.

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

(D) The purposeful drawing of a political district to favor a political party is called gerrymandering, named both for the first person accused of doing this, and also for the shape of the first gerrymandered district, which resembled the shape of a salamander.

Question 338

Question: 338

1. Indonesia is an example of a(n)

A. elongated state.
B. microstate.
C. compact state.
D. fragmented state.
E. prorupted state.

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

(D) Indonesia consists of about 13,000 islands and islets scattered throughout the giant Malay Archipelago. Because the country is separated into so many small pieces, it is referred to as fragmented. Elongated states, like Chile, are stretched long and thin, and compact states, like Poland, are nearly circular.

Question 339

Question: 339

2. Which of the following is a landlocked country?

A. Peru
B. Germany
C. Burma
D. Afghanistan
E. Colombia

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

(D) Landlocked countries have no outlet to the ocean. Surprisingly few countries are fully landlocked

Question 340

Question: 340

3. In Antarctica, geometric political borders do little to organize a vast

A. frontier.
B. borderland.
C. wasteland.
D. tundra.
E. territory.

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

(A) Several countries have claimed portions of Antarctica as their own; however, these territorial claims have little meaning on the ground. In 1959, 12 countries signed an international treaty establishing large portions of the continent as an international commons, protected for conservation and scientific research.

Question 341

Question: 341

4. ______________ forces work to pull countries apart, while ______________ forces work to bind them together.

A. Centripetal . . . centrifugal
B. Centrifugal . . . centripetal
C. Communist . . . democratic
D. Capitalist . . . socialist
E. Socialist . . . centripetal

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

(B) Forces such as regionalism are centrifugal, meaning that they work to weaken central authority and cohesiveness, while forces such as nationalism generally work to solidify central authority and bind countries together.

Question 342

Question: 342

5. When one country exerts political, economic, or social influence over another without the aid of official government institutions, it is called

A. dominance.
B. imperialism.
C. colonialism.
D. federalism.
E. territorialism.

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

(B) Colonialism involves official institutional domination of one group over another; imperialism usually includes unofficial forms of social, cultural, or economic dominance.

Question 343

Question: 343

6. For many years, French Canadians from Quebec sought ______________, or the right to govern themselves and to establish their own independent state.

A. nationalism
B. self-determination
C. anticolonialism
D. reapportionment
E. colonization

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

(B) For many years Canadians of French descent have struggled to maintain their political autonomy and cultural heritage. In recent years, separatist movements have waned, but citizens of Quebec still fiercely defend their unique history, language, and traditions.

Question 344

Question: 344

1. Hitler's nationalist/expansionist philosophies drew in part from

A. self-determination.
B. sound historical evidence.
C. organic geopolitical theory.
D. rimland theory.
E. heartland theory.

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

(C) Organic geopolitical theory, which held that states must expand their land base in order to grow and maintain viability, influenced many 19th and 20th century nationalist politicians, including Adolf Hitler.

Question 345

Question: 345

2. When countries come together for a common purpose, somewhat limiting their own individual powers, the resulting body is called a(n)

A. international organization.
B. confederacy.
C. supranational organization.
D. union.
E. national alliance.

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

(C) In supranational organizations member states must give up some dimension of their individual autonomy for some greater cause, such as political or economic security. In international organizations, no such sacrifice is called for.

Question 346

Question: 346

3. OPEC is an example of a(n)

A. supranational organization.
B. commonwealth.
C. confederacy.
D. international organization.
E. national organization.

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

(D) In OPEC, petroleum-exporting countries have joined together to regulate and stabilize oil markets around the world. This is an example of an international organization based on economic gain.

Question 347

Question: 347

4. The ______________ was based on control of land, markets, and political ideology, whereas the ______________ is based on wealth and poverty.

A. east/west divide . . . north/south divide
B. domino theory . . . heartland theory
C. north/south divide . . . east/west divide
D. organic theory . . . rimland theory
E. core/periphery . . . east/west divide

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

(A) During the Cold War, countries were aligned on either side of an east/west divide, based largely on control of land and political ideology. In the post

Question 348

Question: 348

5. ______________ boundaries characterize much of Africa as they ignore cultural and tribal differences across space.

A. Superimposed
B. Subsequent
C. Colonial
D. Antecedent
E. Territorial

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

(A) During colonialism, many nations imposed political boundaries designating certain territories for themselves without paying attention to any divisions they may have caused between different tribes. Even after decolonization, these boundaries remain, causing much of the bloodshed that has occurred and will continue to occur on this continent.

Question 349

Question: 349

1. The first agriculturalists were

A. commercial farmers.
B. European entrepreneurs.
C. also hunter-gatherers.
D. also ranchers.
E. most likely males.

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

(C) Hunter-gatherers were the first individuals to domesticate plants and animals. Even after domesticating certain species, most hunter-gatherers continued hunting and gathering to round out their diet.

Question 350

Question: 350

2. Slash-and-burn agriculture is

A. not sustainable.
B. practiced in high, mountainous regions.
C. typical for tropical forests.
D. a relatively new invention.
E. always completely sustainable.

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

(C) Slash-and-burn agriculture is an agricultural method that introduces nutrients into the soil through burning of organic matter. It occurs mostly in tropical forests, where the soil is rather nutrient poor, as a way to increase soil productivity. Slash and burn can be unsustainable if farmers who practice it do not allow the land enough time to regenerate itself. Generally, the system of shifting cultivation can be quite sustainable if managed sensibly.

Question 351

Question: 351

3. The Industrial Revolution transformed Western agriculture

A. through mechanization and the creation of new markets.
B. with biotechnology.
C. through technological and religious change.
D. by eliminating agricultural pests.
E. by eliminating plant hybridization.

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

(A) During the Industrial Revolution, many people migrated from rural areas to large urban centers, generating a great need for agricultural goods within those centers. Furthermore, the technology characteristic of the Industrial Revolution transformed agricultural production as mechanization allowed for much more rapid cultivation of greater expanses of land.

Question 352

Question: 352

4. The Green Revolution greatly increased crop production in some countries

A. without adverse side effects.
B. as a replacement for deindustrialization.
C. with some adverse side effects.
D. by encouraging the cultivation of local crop varieties.
E. by introducing organic agricultural methods.

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

(C) The Green Revolution brought technology, miracle seeds, fertilizer, and other inventions of the developed world into developing nations to stimulate agricultural growth. While certainly these new inputs led to increased agricultural productivity, they carried with them detrimental implications for the local natural environment.

Question 353

Question: 353

5. Which of the following was NOT a location of independent plant and animal domestication?

A. India
B. Iraq
C. California
D. China
E. Peru

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

(C) Although many people associate the Fertile Crescent with the first site of agricultural activity, in reality, several other places across the globe independently began domesticating plants and animals for human sustenance at around the same time. California, although currently an extremely important location of agricultural activity, was not one of these first hearths.

Question 354

Question: 354

6. Ranching is a good example of which type of agricultural system?

A. Intensive subsistence cultivation
B. Extensive commercial cultivation
C. Labor-intensive agriculture
D. Capital-intensive agriculture
E. Controlled agriculture

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

(B) Ranching is an agricultural activity that takes place over large expanses of land and as such is a good representative of an extensive commercial agricultural activity. Additionally, it does not require either large amounts of human labor or capital inputs.

Question 355

Question: 355

1. The modern global geography of agriculture is determined by

A. climate.
B. soil.
C. cultural traditions.
D. All of the above
E. Only (A)and (B)

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

(D) Geographers are concerned with what is grown where on the earth's surface. Both currently and historically, climate, soil, and cultural traditions determine this pattern. With increasing technology, these factors are losing their potency, but they still remain the dominant forces in the world's current agricultural mosaic.

Question 356

Question: 356

2. According to von Thunen, the regional geography of agriculture is determined by

A. land area.
B. rent.
C. urban marketing.
D. availability of material inputs.
E. climate.

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

(B) According to the von Thunen model, the land located nearest the market will have the highest rent. Generally, agricultural activities that occur in this region are those that are expensive to transport and require intensive cultivation.

Question 357

Question: 357

3. ___________ is (are) widespread in semiarid climates throughout the world.

A. Ranching
B. Tropical plantations
C. Dairying
D. Slash-and-burn agriculture
E. Rice paddies

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

(A) Ranching takes place in the drier climates across the globe, where wide expanses of land that are not very good for cultivation exist. Both tropical plantations and slash-and-burn agriculture exist in warm, moist climates, and dairying usually exists in cooler climates, such as northern Europe and the northern United States.

Question 358

Question: 358

4. The effects of biotechnology

A. are positive because it allows for much greater agricultural yields.
B. are negative because its expense limits its availability to all farmers across the globe.
C. are unknown because very little research has been conducted on them.
D. All of the above
E. None of the above

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

(D) While the effects of biotechnology have not been critically investigated, it still is affecting global agricultural production, allowing for much greater yields of certain products. Because the processes of biotechnology are patented by private companies, only large agribusinesses can afford them, thereby limiting their use.

Question 359

Question: 359

5. Agribusiness has had all of the following effects on agriculture, EXCEPT

A. the farm is no longer the center of agricultural activity.
B. TNCs often control agricultural activity abroad.
C. family farmers, through increasing technology, are producing goods for the global economy.
D. agriculture has become a multilevel process of production, processing, marketing, and consumption.
E. some corporations essentially dictate agricultural production in other countries besides their own.

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

(C) Agribusiness has largely contributed to the demise of the family farm. As agriculture becomes increasingly controlled by large corporations that have the technology to mass produce goods without much human capital, it loses its need for human labor. Furthermore, the agricultural activities that require large amounts of labor have been relocated to parts of the globe where human labor is cheaper.

Question 360

Question: 360

1. In arid climates, like southern California and the Middle East, ___________ can cause the soil to become salty and infertile.

A. erosion
B. topsoil loss
C. salinization
D. saltation
E. droughts

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

(C) Salinization occurs when arid environments use irrigation to provide enough moisture for plant production. When the water evaporates, it leaves a salty residue, which eventually causes the soil's infertility.

Question 361

Question: 361

2. ___________ is a common cause of decreasing farmland in rapidly growing urban areas.

A. Urban sprawl
B. Topsoil loss
C. Loss of material inputs
D. Industrialization
E. Agribusiness

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

(A) As urban areas continue to expand outward, usually in the form of suburbs, the development often takes over agricultural land.

Question 362

Question: 362

3. DDT is an example of a ___________ that has had negative effects all the way through the food chain.

A. herbicide
B. pesticide
C. bacteria
D. fungicide
E. genetically modified organism

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

(B) The effects of DDT, made known by Rachel Carson in Silent Spring, demonstrate the various detriments pesticide use has all the way through the food chain. All the other options may too have effects through the food chain, but DDT is a pesticide specifically designed to eliminate insects, or pests, that threaten certain agricultural products.

Question 363

Question: 363

4. Soil specialists must work to overcome the negative effects of ___________ associated with agricultural production.

A. fertilization and salinization
B. pesticides and fertilization
C. salinization and topsoil loss
D. topsoil loss and gentrification
E. the Green Revolution and agribusiness

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

(C) Chemical fertilizers may cause negative effects on the soil, but some forms of fertilizers are organic, meaning that they use natural products rather than chemicals to stimulate plant growth and, therefore, do not harm the soil. Both salinization and topsoil loss destroy the soil's properties and must be overcome by soil scientists if they want the land to remain fertile.

Question 364

Question: 364

1. The first cities arose in

A. ancient Greece.
B. hearths of early agriculture.
C. the Indian subcontinent.
D. central Mexico.
E. near the equator.

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

(B) The first cities only developed after sedentary agriculture advanced to the point at which crop surpluses allowed some people to take up professions other than farming, such as brick laying and carpentry. When and where this occurred, the first cities arose.

Question 365

Question: 365

2. Some prominent Native American cities later became

A. manufacturing hubs.
B. agricultural distribution centers.
C. gateway cities.
D. colonial cities.
E. export-processing zones.

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

(D) Mexico City is just one example of a great Native American city (Tenochtitlan) that eventually became a center of colonial government administration and military might. Colonial powers used these cities as bases from which to dominate people in the surrounding countryside.

Question 366

Question: 366

3. The Industrial Revolution

A. had little impact on urban areas.
B. spawned vast manufacturing centers.
C. began in the Great Lakes region.
D. made factory workers obsolete.
E. caused an urban-to-rural migration.

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

(B) Chicago is the classic example of a city that was born during the Industrial Revolution and then experienced tremendous growth, becoming a great center of manufacturing, processing, and transportation.

Question 367

Question: 367

4. _______________ is an important gateway city.

A. Oslo, Norway,
B. Perth, Australia,
C. Nairobi, Kenya,
D. Honolulu, Hawaii,
E. Denver, Colorado,

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

(D) Honolulu's extremely strategic location, isolated in the center of the Pacific Ocean, has made it an important gateway for travelers heading both east and west. As a result of its position, Honolulu has become an important shipping hub and military base. The city has also attracted an extremely diverse population of people from around the Pacific Rim.

Question 368

Question: 368

5. During the Middle Ages, _______________ dramatically slowed the growth of urban areas.

A. feudalism
B. colonialism
C. the Black Death
D. the Renaissance
E. the Industrial Revolution

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

(A) Feudalism fostered a system of dependence between landholders and lowly peasants that worked the land. During the Middle Ages, this system prevailed, and because of the lack of opportunity imbedded within it, urban areas experienced a period of stagnation.

Question 369

Question: 369

1. Classic _______________ cities have narrow, winding streets, open-air markets, many dead-ends, and courtyards surrounded by high walls.

A. medieval European
B. Hindu
C. Latin American
D. Islamic
E. colonial

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

(D) Islamic cities are complex landscapes that incorporate both symbolic expressions of the Muslim faith and adaptations to hot desert climates. Muslim cities outside the Middle East

Question 370

Question: 370

2. Architects and planners from the _______________ strove to introduce beauty and impose order on chaotic industrial cities.

A. postmodern school
B. modernist tradition
C. City Beautiful movement
D. Beaux Arts school
E. classical movement

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

(C) Both the Beaux Arts and City Beautiful movements were attempts to create urban spaces that reflected changing social values while harkening back to classical forms. The City Beautiful movement, which is well represented in cities like Chicago and Washington, D.C., was, more specifically, an effort to give new industrial spaces

Question 371

Question: 371

3. Modernist architecture

A. stressed efficiency and geometrical order.
B. uses eclectic and classic forms.
C. stressed the ornate.
D. is limited to newer American cities.
E. is characterized by skyscrapers.

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

(A) Boxy, geometrical structures built of concrete and glass typify the modernist movement. Modernist architects tried to convey a sense of futuristic order and scientific rationality on urban spaces. Many such spaces would later be thought of as sterile and impersonal.

Question 372

Question: 372

4. Asian, African, and South American cities

A. contain dominant centers, usually surrounding something of religious significance.
B. contain strong manufacturing and industrial sectors within the city.
C. display mostly modern forms of architecture as they are recently developing themselves after colonialism.
D. contain many structural relics from colonialism.
E. usually have a church at the center of the city.

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

(D) The majority of cities in each of these three areas, at one time, were colonial cities. As such, this extremely devastating historical process has largely determined their spatial organization.

Question 373

Question: 373

5. Medieval European cities usually contain all the following characteristics EXCEPT

A. winding streets and tall, narrow buildings.
B. large, ornate cathedrals.
C. walls surrounding the city for defense purposes.
D. wide streets to accommodate large military troops.
E. a high density of buildings.

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

(D) Medieval streets are generally narrow and winding. The only forms of transportation that traversed them were people on foot or horses, neither of which necessitated wide streets.

Question 374

Question: 374

1. Los Angeles provides an excellent example of

A. the Beaux Arts tradition.
B. a central business district.
C. the multinucleated metropolis.
D. the concentric zone model.
E. disagglomeration.

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

(C) Although Los Angeles has a central industrial core, its downtown area is not nearly as dominant of a city center as, say, the Loop in Chicago. Instead, Los Angeles is a vast metropolis with many "centers," or nodes of commercial and industrial activity.

Question 375

Question: 375

2. Many Latin American cities conform more or less to the

A. theory of ghettoization.
B. the sector model.
C. the multinode model.
D. inner-city decay theory.
E. the concentric-zone model.

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

(B) The sector model of urban geography describes cities in which different types of development

Question 376

Question: 376

3. In cities such as Baltimore, inner-city revitalization has transformed _______________ into gentrified urban neighborhoods.

A. suburbs
B. central business districts
C. edge cities
D. ghettos
E. agglomerations

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

(D) Ghettos are economically depressed inner-city neighborhoods often populated by ethnic minorities. During the past 20 years, many American cities have successfully revitalized their inner cities by luring young urban professionals back into funky urban neighborhoods. However, many long-time residents of these former ghettos have been forced to move owing to increasing costs of living. Other cities, such as Detroit, have had much less success at transforming their urban cores.

Question 377

Question: 377

4. Which of the following cities exemplifies an urban geography defined by railroads?

A. Boston
B. Mexico City
C. Chicago
D. San Francisco
E. Los Angeles

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

(C) Historically, Chicago has been a city of railroads. Chicago has served as the railroad hub of the West since the 1870s and, within the city itself, many people travel by light rail. The elevated train system or "el" moves hundreds of thousands of people per day around the tightly packed urban area.

Question 378

Question: 378

5. Which of the following best describes edge cities?

A. They are located along freeways on the outskirts of major cities.
B. They are usually found in Europe and Asia.
C. They are small, isolated communities.
D. They are designed in the City Beautiful tradition.
E. They are gentrified communities.

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

(A) Edge cities serve the same functions as many urban areas but, for many, are conveniently located just outside of urban areas, usually on important corridors or freeway systems.

Question 379

Question: 379

6. According to the central-place theory,

A. small communities bind regions together.
B. most people live in mid-sized cities.
C. large cities serve as economic hubs.
D. regions are impossible to define.
E. there are more large cities than small cities.

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

(C) Large cities, because they generally have a large population, have a much greater economic base and thus can support and provide a greater variety of economic and cultural opportunities.

Question 380

Question: 380

7. The coastal southern California and northern Baja, Mexico region can be described as a

A. central place.
B. artificial construction.
C. megacity.
D. megalopolis.
E. agglomeration.

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

(D) This region consists of a conurbation of linked cities such that, as you drive north or south along the coast in this region, you will always be driving through urban areas. These cities, at one time, were probably very geographically separate from one another but, because they have been increasingly expanded, have molded together into a megalopolis.

Question 381

Question: 381

1. Which of the following was NOT one of the main elements contributing to a city's legibility according to Kevin Lynch?

A. Landmarks
B. Nodes
C. Links
D. Edges
E. Districts

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

(C) According to Kevin Lynch, the five main elements contributing to a city's legibility include paths, edges, districts, landmarks, and nodes. Links may exist in cities in the form of transportation systems, but they do not exist as one of the fundamental units that make cities more easily readable for their inhabitants and first-time visitors.

Question 382

Question: 382

2. Action space consists of

A. recreational facilities in an urban area.
B. the space in which individual daily activity occurs.
C. spaces within a city designated for transportation.
D. a diagrammatic representation of the amount of time it takes to travel between activities on a particular day.
E. the area surrounding the interactions a central place has with the surrounding community.

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

(B) Action spaces are used by behavioral geographers to analyze individuals' daily spatial activities. They describe all the typical interactions individuals have with their environment on any given day, and thus can provide insightful information for urban planners in making decisions on transportation routes and locations of various facilities within a city.

Question 383

Question: 383

3. Individual spatial behavior on a daily basis

A. generally involves more shorter trips than longer trips.
B. can be described as that individual's action space.
C. can be limited by transportation possibilities.
D. mostly involves work-related travel.
E. All of the above

Correct Answer: E

Explanation:

(E) Behavioral geographers have analyzed numerous people's action spaces to draw general conclusions about human spatial behavior on a daily basis. In general, this kind of behavior conforms to five rules: people take many more shorter trips than longer trips, most trips tend to be work-related, trips of greater distances require more thought and planning, travel decisions can be quite limited by transportation, and people tend to avoid perceived hazards when going about their daily activities.

Question 384

Question: 384

1. The Industrial Revolution

A. began in Germany in the 16th century.
B. was initiated by Henry Ford.
C. began in England in the 18th century.
D. reached its peak in the 1970s.
E. began in the United States in the early 20th century.

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

(C) The Industrial Revolution began in England in the 18th century and then spread to continental Europe, particularly France and Germany, and North America. The Industrial Revolution reached its peak in the 19th and early 20th centuries, but by the 1970s many formerly industrialized regions had lost their manufacturing bases to developing countries such as Mexico and China.

Question 385

Question: 385

2. Which of the following are commonly associated with the Industrial Revolution?

A. Specialty goods
B. Cottage industries
C. New forms of capital investment
D. The printing press
E. Guild industries

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

(C) When most geographers, economists, and historians think about the Industrial Revolution, massive factories, standardized goods, and new forms of capital investment are among the first things to come to mind.

Question 386

Question: 386

3. Deindustrialization has had a dramatic impact on which of the following regions?

A. The lower Mississippi Valley
B. The Great Plains
C. The Great Lakes
D. The Pacific Northwest
E. The Cotton Belt

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

(C) During the first half of the 20th century, the Great Lakes region, including Ohio, Michigan, and portions of Illinois, Pennsylvania, Indiana, and Wisconsin, became vibrant centers of manufacturing and heavy industry. By the 1970s, that same region had slipped into economic depression, as corporations moved their factories to developing countries and relocated their headquarters to Sun Belt states.

Question 387

Question: 387

4. _____________ take advantage of geographic differences in wages, labor laws, environmental regulations, taxes, and the distribution of natural resources by locating various aspects of their production in different countries.

A. Conglomerate corporations
B. E-businesses
C. Transnationals
D. Service industries
E. Footloose industries

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

(C) Transnational corporations attempt to maximize their profits by taking advantage of different regulatory and economic situations in different countries. One transnational corporation may have its headquarters in the United States, locate its factories in Mexico and Thailand, and keep its finances at banks in Switzerland and the Cayman Islands.

Question 388

Question: 388

5. Mexico's maquiladoras are examples of

A. offshore financial centers.
B. transnationals.
C. brick-and-mortar businesses.
D. export-processing zones.
E. ancillary activities.

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

(D) Maquiladoras are manufacturing areas located along the US-Mexico border. Products are assembled at maquiladora factories and then exported across the border to US markets.

Question 389

Question: 389

1. Niger's economy is mostly limited to

A. service industries.
B. primary economic activities.
C. export-processing activities.
D. quaternary economic activities.
E. nonbasic industry.

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

(B) Countries at low levels of economic development, like Niger, have economies that are mostly oriented toward primary activities, such as fishing, farming, and mining.

Question 390

Question: 390

2. Rostow's stages-of-development model predicts that each country's economy will progress from

A. high consumption to ecological sustainability.
B. low output to high input.
C. low per-capita incomes to high per-capita incomes and high consumption.
D. high levels of pollution to efficient resource use.
E. low employment in tertiary activities to high employment in primary activities.

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

(C) Rostow's stages-of-development model provides a teleological view of economics in which the economies of all nations are headed toward a single ultimate purpose

Question 391

Question: 391

3. The _____________ is a measure of all goods and services produced by a country in a year, including production from its investments abroad, minus the loss or degradation of natural resource capital as a result of productivity.

A. Net National Product
B. Gross National Product
C. Human Development Index
D. Intrinsic-Productivity Index
E. Purchasing-Power Parity

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

(A) The Gross National Product computes the value of all goods and services produced by a country in a year, but the Net National Product also subtracts capital lost through the degradation of natural resources.

Question 392

Question: 392

4. Gender equity is related to

A. Gross National Product.
B. cultural traditions.
C. education.
D. All of the above
E. Only (A)and (B)

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

(D) Gender equity, or women's welfare, is related to a wide range of cultural and economic issues, including, but not limited to, economic productivity, cultural traditions, and education.

Question 393

Question: 393

5. First-tier world cities include

A. Tokyo, Mexico City, and Sao Paulo.
B. Tokyo, London, and New York.
C. Paris, Brussels, and Moscow.
D. Washington, Moscow, and London.
E. Los Angeles, London, and Paris.

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

(B) Tokyo, London, and New York are the world's three most important centers of economic activity and are thus categorized as first-tier world cities. Other important centers of government, finance, and popular culture, such as Paris, Washington, Brussels, and Los Angeles, are considered to be second-tier world cities.

Question 394

Question: 394

1. Firms try to locate their production facilities to

A. maximize spatial accessibility.
B. maximize visibility and minimize transportation.
C. maximize agglomeration.
D. minimize costs and maximize profits.
E. minimize competition.

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

(D) Firms try to locate their production and distribution facilities in ways that maximize their profit through cutting down on transportation costs.

Question 395

Question: 395

2. The clustering of financial firms on Wall Street in New York is an example of

A. least-cost theory.
B. agglomeration.
C. deindustrialization.
D. ancillary industry.
E. central-place theory.

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

(B) Agglomeration occurs when firms find that it is to their advantage to locate close to other firms in the same industry. Advantages include being able to use the same pool of employees and being close to important infrastructure components, such as transportation depots or movie sets.

Question 396

Question: 396

3. Mr. Jemstone located his jewelry shop in a place near his home so that he can eat lunch with Mrs. Jemstone every afternoon.

A. His locational decision represents a market orientation.
B. Since Mr. Jemstone owns his own business, he has chosen an optimal site as he minimizes transport costs to and from work.
C. It doesn't matter too much where Mr. Jemstone put his jewelry shop because it is a footloose industry and as long as a viable market exists, he can locate pretty much anywhere.
D. Because most jewelry shopping occurs online, the actual location of the shop is unimportant.
E. Mr. and Mrs. Jemstone probably participate in a cottage industry.

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

(C) Because both the inputs used to make jewelry and the finished product are so lightweight, this type of industry can locate basically anywhere a large enough market exists to make a profit.

Question 397

Question: 397

4. Economic activities that increase and thereby benefit from agglomerations in particular regions are called

A. ancillary activities.
B. tertiary activities.
C. basic sector services.
D. quinary activities.
E. footloose industries.

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

(A) Ancillary activities include all the necessary services to sustain and provide for a local population, such as grocery stores, haircutters, and veterinary hospitals. As the population within a region increases, as it does when an area becomes the site for a particular agglomeration, more of the services become necessary. Thus, agglomerations have tremendous impacts on the overall economy within a specific region.

Question 398

Question: 398

5. Which of the following regions is NOT an economic backwater?

A. Buenos Aires, Argentina
B. Western China
C. Sao Paolo, Brazil
D. Lower Mississippi Valley
E. Upper Great Plains

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

(C) Sao Paolo, Brazil, is actually one of the most dominant economic areas in all of South America. Backwaters exist when other regions in a country experience great levels of economic development

Question 399

Question: 399

1. The idea that resources should be conserved so that people living today can meet their needs without limiting the ability of future generations to do the same is called

A. globalization.
B. gross national happiness.
C. sustainable development.
D. environmental conservation.
E. subsistence economics.

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

(C) Although the term "sustainable development" has many definitions, this one, paraphrased from the Bruntland Report, or "Our Common Future," which was published by the World Commission on Environment and Development in 1987, is the standard that is most frequently quoted.

Question 400

Question: 400

2. Globalization

A. is a new and unique phenomenon.
B. has penetrated the entire world.
C. is always good for people in the poorest countries.
D. has a long and circuitous history.
E. does not cause a countermovement of localization.

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

(D) During the past 500 years, the world economic system has undergone several periods of greater or less economic integration, or globalization.

Question 401

Question: 401

1. London and New York City are approximately 3,500 miles apart from one another in terms of absolute distance, but they are quite connected economically and culturally. What best explains this level of connectivity?

A. Both cities have similar transportation and communications infrastructure, which facilitates interaction.
B. Both cities have diverse populations, which leads to common cultural experiences.
C. Both cities have high populations, counteracting distance in the gravity model.
D. Both cities have similar economic bases, which leads to higher trade between the two.
E. Both cities have airports that allow for large jets and frequent arrivals and departures, making travel between the cities quite easy.

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

(C) The gravity model predicts interaction between two places based on the size of their population and the distance between them. Large populations (in the numerator) lessen the friction of distance between two places.

Question 402

Question: 402

2. In developed countries, such as the Netherlands, it is difficult to classify agriculture as part of the primary economy. Why?

A. Because agriculture in developed countries is primarily controlled by large agribusinesses that coordinate research, production, harvest, and distribution on global scales
B. Because agriculture in developed countries no longer happens in fields, but rather through almost completely through high-tech methods in factories
C. Because so little of the labor force in developed countries is engaged in this economic activity, the category essentially no longer exists
D. Because developed countries now outsource all of their agricultural production from developing countries
E. Because agricultural production is still very much a primary economic activity in developed countries, the methods are comparable to those in developing countries

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

(A) Developed countries, such as the Netherlands, grow an abundance of food using a wide variety of sophisticated technologies. These supporting activities, such as research and development, use of machinery for planting and harvest, and international marketing, all involve significant labor inputs in other sectors of the economy.

Question 403

Question: 403

3. Which of the following countries is the most probable location for the image above?

A. The United States
B. Bangladesh
C. China
D. Argentina
E. Japan

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

(A) In highly developed countries, such as the United States, the dependency ratio is increasing as a result of longer life expectancies and decreasing fertility rates. The rise in elderly populations has led to a corresponding rise in services that provide for the specific needs of this population. Memory care facilities and long-term care centers are becoming increasingly popular across the United States and other developed countries.

Question 404

Question: 404

4. Countries that have a growing number of facilities such as those depicted in the above image are most likely in which stage of the demographic transition model?

A. Stage 1
B. Stage 2
C. Stage 3
D. Stage 4
E. The demographic transition model has no relation to facilities that cater to elderly populations.

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

(D) Countries that are in stage 4, or even stage 5, of the demographic transition model have low birth and death rates and growing elderly populations as a result of those low rates. The growing upper brackets of these countries' population pyramids leads to growth in services that support these cohorts.

Question 405

Question: 405

5. Which of the following types of population-related policies might be in place in a country with a growing number of these types of facilities?

A. Pronatalist population policies
B. Policies limiting the number of immigrants
C. Policies discouraging large families through tax penalties
D. Policies restricting guest workers and temporary migrants
E. Policies decreasing the retirement age

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

(A) Pronatalist population policies are those that encourage higher fertility rates, either through tax incentives and/or support for parents, economically and socially, as they raise multiple children.

Question 406

Question: 406

6. The cultural and political ideas of nationalism can sometimes work to sever the social fabric of a state. In this case, nationalism can be seen as

A. a push factor.
B. a pull factor.
C. a centrifugal force.
D. a centripetal force.
E. an intervening opportunity.

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

(C) Centrifugal forces are those that tear apart the social fabric of a country and can potentially lead to devolution. When a state is made up of multiple ethnic groups, nationalism can become a threat if those groups compete with one another for political dominance.

Question 407

Question: 407

The pie charts above most likely represent the labor force by occupation in which of the following pairs of countries?

A. Mexico; Denmark
B. Saudi Arabia; South Africa
C. Ethiopia; Norway
D. Argentina; Belarus
E. Italy; Australia

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

(C) Ethiopia is a less-developed country with a large agricultural labor force, whereas Norway is a highly developed country with a diverse labor force that concentrates in the services sector.

Question 408

Question: 408

8. In some spots along the Great Rift Valley, such as Rwanda in eastern Africa, population density is high despite the country's equatorial location. This density is partially attributable to

A. volcanic activity along the plate boundaries, which feeds the typically poor equatorial soil.
B. government incentives to increase population density through pronatalist policies.
C. Rwanda's size as a comparatively small country in terms of area.
D. Rwanda's location near the Indian Ocean.
E. Rwanda's proximity to the Nile River.

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

(A) Because of Rwanda's equatorial position, the soil quality should not allow for substantial agricultural production. However, because of volcanic activity along the Great Rift Valley, the soil is nutrient-rich, and the elevation gains are more suited for high population density than in other parts of equatorial Africa such as the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Question 409

Question: 409

9. The position of neo-Malthusians, similar to that of Thomas Malthus, is indicative of the tension that exists between

A. gender equality and fertility.
B. population growth and poverty.
C. social welfare (health care and education) and fertility.
D. economic growth and population decline.
E. population growth and consumption of resources, including food.

Correct Answer: E

Explanation:

(E) Malthus and those that subscribe to his ideas posit that when populations exceed the resource base needed to support them, the population must be "checked" (intentionally or unintentionally) through war, famine, disease, or some other means.

Question 410

Question: 410

10. When recent college graduates and young professionals move to large cities with diverse employment, cultural, and entertainment opportunities, to what are they responding?

A. Suburban amenities
B. Push factors
C. Pull factors
D. Mobility opportunities
E. Centripetal forces

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

(C) Pull factors, such as job and recreational opportunities, attract people to move to new places, often urban areas. Push factors, such as violence and economic stagnation, motivate people to leave their old homes and search for new places to live with better prospects.

Question 411

Question: 411

11. In squatter settlements, such as the favelas of Rio de Janeiro, poorer rural-to-urban migrants tend to make a living in which sector of the economy?

A. Basic
B. Informal
C. Nonbasic
D. Formal
E. Primary

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

(B) Most migrants in squatter settlements have relocated to the city, often primate cities, in search of employment in growing urban economies. Until these individuals can secure a job in the formal economy, they make a living through informal economic activities, such as the sale of goods (e.g., food, clothing, and handicrafts) or services (e.g., childcare, handiwork, and transportation).

Question 412

Question: 412

12. Some religious practices in South America result from combining elements from traditional religions and religions diffused by colonizers. This is an example of:

A. a cultural complex.
B. a cultural confluence.
C. a counterculture.
D. a cultural diaspora.
E. a cultural syncretism.

Correct Answer: E

Explanation:

(E) A cultural syncretism occurs when two or more different cultures or cultural traits, such as religion, converge to form something new.

Question 413

Question: 413

13. __________ maps work well when seeking to understand the location of countries in relation to one another, while __________ maps help in understanding how a particular variable changes over space.

A. Thematic . . . reference
B. Reference . . . thematic
C. Spatial . . . cartographic
D. Cartographic . . . spatial
E. Topologic . . . choropleth

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

(B) A good way to think about basic cartographic representation is to divide maps into those used for reference purposes and those that focus on a specific theme. An example of a reference map would be a road map or an atlas. An example of a thematic map would be a dot map that shows distribution and density of tobacco harvested in sub-Saharan Africa in 2010.

Question 414

Question: 414

14.

Country	Population living in urban areas (%)	Labor-force composition (%)
Australia	86	Agriculture: 3.6 Industry: 21.1 Services: 75.3
Zimbabwe	32.2	Agriculture: 67.5 Industry: 7.3 Services: 25.2
Bangladesh	36.6	Agriculture: 42.7 Industry: 20.5 Services: 36.9

On the basis of the data in the table above, how does a country's level of urbanization relate to its labor-force composition?

A. Highly urbanized countries, such as Australia, concentrate in services.
B. Less urbanized countries, such as Zimbabwe, have a highly diverse labor force.
C. Urbanized countries tend to have little to no industry.
D. Less urbanized countries tend to have less agricultural production.
E. There is no clear relationship between urbanization and labor-force composition.

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

(A) Countries that are urbanized tend to have more highly educated populations that specialize in a variety of service-based occupations, jobs that typically concentrate in cities. Countries that are mostly rural have labor forces that concentrate in the agricultural sector of the economy. As countries industrialize, they also typically urbanize, as factories and associated industries tend to concentrate in urban centers.

Question 415

Question: 415

15. Given Bangladesh's data, its position in the demographic transition model is most likely

A. stage 1.
B. stage 2.
C. stage 3.
D. stage 4.
E. stage 5.

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

(C) As countries industrialize and urbanize, birth rates tend to drop as women become more active in the labor force. A falling birth rate characterizes stage 3 countries, such as Bangladesh, where women provide a significant source of labor in the industrial sector of the economy.

Question 416

Question: 416

1. If the chart contained an additional column with data showing the Gender Development Index (GDI), what would the data be likely to reveal?

A. GDI would be highest in Zimbabwe because service-based jobs tend to employ mostly women.
B. GDI would be highest in Bangladesh because of increasing growth in microcredit opportunities for women.
C. GDI would be the same in Bangladesh and Australia, where industry and service-occupation percentages are higher.
D. GDI would likely be highest in Australia, where service-based occupations dominate.
E. Data on GDI would likely reveal that the three countries differed only minimally.

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

(D) Highly developed countries, such as Australia, have strong, diverse, service-based economies, typically with strong, stable political systems. Women are highly educated and participate in both the formal economy and in government positions, leading to a higher development index.

Question 417

Question: 417

2. Von Thunen's model of rural land use is based on which of the following premises?

A. Value of land decreases the farther it is from the urban center.
B. Value of land increases the farther it is from the urban center.
C. Perishable goods are the least valuable.
D. Railroads provide fixed transportation costs.
E. Vegetarianism is environmentally beneficial.

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

(A) In von Thunen's model, agricultural land use changes with distance from the city center, primarily due to land and commodity values. Expensive, perishable commodities are grown closer to urban markets, while less expensive, more expansive (in terms of land area necessary for cultivation) agricultural goods are grown farther from the city center.

Question 418

Question: 418

3. Catalonia, a region in northeast Spain with its own language and culture, voted on which of the following in 2017 in an effort to maintain its cultural identity?

A. Electoral reapportionment
B. Economic freedom
C. Unitary standing
D. Self-determination
E. Membership in the United Nations

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

(D) Catalonia, because of its unique language and cultural identity, sought independence from Spain in a referendum in October 2017. The referendum was not recognized by the Spanish government, which considered it illegal.

Question 419

Question: 419

4. The existence of Dutch Village in Holland, Michigan; Jaarsma [Dutch] Bakery in Pella, Iowa; and Dutch Roots Farm in Ripon, California, are all a result of

A. forced migration.
B. religious conversions.
C. relocation diffusion.
D. colonial-era labor migrations.
E. rural-to-urban migrations.

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

(C) Relocation diffusion occurs when a cultural group brings a particular trait to a new area and diffuses it to that local community. Dutch communities throughout the United States (that resulted from chain migration) brought with them certain Dutch traditions, such as tulips at the farm in Ripon and speculaas cookies at the bakery in Iowa.

Question 420

Question: 420

5. Hong Kong is 22

A. relative location.
B. absolute location.
C. relative direction.
D. absolute direction.
E. relative distance.

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

(B) Coordinates of latitude and longitude express absolute location, which identifies a place's location precisely and universally.

Question 421

Question: 421

6. Although no longer in effect, China's one-child policy has led to which of the following demographic challenges?

A. Large-scale emigration to economically advanced countries
B. Mass rural-to-urban migration
C. Smaller total population in China
D. Immigration from less-developed countries to fulfill lower level industrial jobs
E. An imbalance between males and females of marrying age

Correct Answer: E

Explanation:

(E) China's traditionally patriarchal society favors males over females which, combined with the one-child policy and the availability of sonograms, led to a much larger portion of male births while the policy was in effect. This, in turn, has led to a huge current discrepancy between males and females of marrying age.

Question 422

Question: 422

7. Which of the following agricultural techniques do farmers use to adapt to poor soil quality in rain forest regions, such as the Amazon River basin in Brazil?

A. Nomadism
B. Slash and burn
C. Drip irrigation
D. Composting
E. Hydroponics

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

(B) Because rainforest soils lack nutrients, to make them agriculturally productive, farmers slash existing vegetation and burn it, releasing nutrients into the soil for a limited period of time. Slash and burn can be sustainable provided cultivated landscapes are given enough time to regenerate.

Question 423

Question: 423

8. Deindustrialization in both North America and Europe was largely driven by

A. cheaper wages in areas and regions of lower economic development.
B. relaxed environmental and labor regulations overseas.
C. technology and automation replacing the need for human labor in certain industries.
D. none of the above.
E. all of the above (A

Correct Answer: E

Explanation:

(E) Patterns of deindustrialization are largely driven by economic forces. Industrial activities concentrate in areas where goods can be produced at the least cost (e.g., cheaper labor and lack of costly regulations) with the greatest efficiency (e.g., automation).

Question 424

Question: 424

9. How do patterns of urbanization in Europe differ from those in North America?

A. North American cities focus on tourism, while European cities are much more focused on industry.
B. European cities have a much stronger suburban fringe in comparison to North American cities.
C. In both regions, urban populations concentrate in urban cores with a decreasing portion of the population living in suburbs.
D. In European cities, housing is much denser with only a small percentage of families living in stand-alone housing.
E. European cities tend to follow the rank size rule, while North America has mostly primate cities.

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

(D) North American cities, particularly those in the United States, have strong suburban populations, where houses tend to be stand-alone and located on larger lots, making houses much more spread out than cities in Europe. Unit 6.

Question 425

Question: 425

10. Current fertility rates in Europe exhibit which of the following trends?

A. In most countries, fertility rates are near or below replacement level.
B. In most countries, fertility rates are slightly above replacement level.
C. Fertility rates are highly variable across the region.
D. Fertility rates are higher in countries without significant immigrant populations.
E. Fertility rates are lower in European countries that are less economically developed.

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

(A) Most European countries are in stage 4 (or even stage 5) of the demographic transition model. Birth rates and fertility rates are low (at or below replacement level) because women tend to marry later in life and participate actively in the formal economy.

Question 426

Question: 426

11. How does microcredit overcome some of the challenges related to the employment opportunities for women in less-developed countries, particularly in South and Southeast Asia?

A. Microcredit is a form of feminization of labor seen within the Export Processing Zones (EPZ) in Southeast Asia.
B. Microcredit is the main avenue for union formation, which works to combat unfair labor conditions in South and Southeast Asia.
C. With microcredit, women have control over their own business and therefore set their own hours, wages, and working conditions.
D. With microcredit, women are able to pay for childcare while they work factory jobs in the EPZs.
E. Microcredit has not offered many distinct changes for female employment opportunity in South and Southeast Asia.

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

(C) Microcredit has proven highly successful in parts of South and Southeast Asia as a means to encourage female empowerment and meaningful engagement in the formal economy. With small loans, women become entrepreneurs in working environments that they oversee, thus helping their communities and families.

Question 427

Question: 427

12. Immediately after independence, many developing countries adopted which of these types of economic strategies to limit dependence on former colonizers and/or highly developed economies?

A. Neo-liberal (free trade) policies that encouraged involvement in the global economy
B. "Bottom-Up" initiatives that promoted local sustainable development through microfinance
C. Regional economic alliances that promoted common currencies and easy movement of goods and people among member nations (similar to the EU)
D. Industrial modernization through investments in technology
E. Protectionist strategies that encouraged economic self-sufficiency through import substitution and barriers to international trade

Correct Answer: E

Explanation:

(E) After independence, many developing countries sought to free themselves from the problematic economic relationships and dependencies established under colonial regimes. To do this, governments protected local producers and farmers by promoting domestic production of previously imported goods, and by limiting, through various means, international trade.

Question 428

Question: 428

13. Followers of animistic religions

A. believe that features in nature, such as animals, mountains, and trees, have spiritual value.
B. believe in one god.
C. believe in polytheism.
D. do not believe in a spiritual realm.
E. do not believe there is an afterlife.

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

(A) Animistic religions are based on the belief that certain items in nature hold spiritual value. These religions are common among Native American cultures and in various sub-Saharan Africa cultures.

Question 429

Question: 429

14. In spite of the risks of nuclear power generation

A. construction of nuclear power plants is relatively inexpensive.
B. nuclear waste storage solutions are becoming increasingly low risk.
C. nuclear fuel is easy to access.
D. of the lack of carbon emissions in nuclear power generation.
E. nuclear power technology can be easily accessed across the globe.

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

(D) In spite of the risks associated with nuclear power generation, it does not emit carbon into the atmosphere, making it an appealing energy source for some environmentalists.

Question 430

Question: 430

15. The above image of the Over the Rhine neighborhood in Cincinnati, Ohio, exhibits the efforts of many postindustrial cities in America's heartland to increase the livability of an old central business district. This process is referred to as

A. suburbanization.
B. gentrification.
C. redlining.
D. mart growth.
E. postmodernism.

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

(B) Gentrification involves the revitalization of old industrial office buildings and warehouses into residential, commercial, and office space. These spaces frequently attract younger, urban professionals, and often coincide with revitalization efforts related to recreation and transportation. Unit 6.

Question 431

Question: 431

1. Which of the following postindustrial cities in the United States is likely to exhibit similar gentrification patterns to those that exist in Cincinnati?

A. Silicon Valley, California
B. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
C. Seaside, Florida
D. Las Vegas, Nevada
E. Kalispell, Montana

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

(B) Industrial and manufacturing cities in the heart of the Midwest, such as Cincinnati, Cleveland, and Detroit, among many others, suffered when industry relocated to areas with cheaper labor (initially to the southern United States and then overseas). These abandoned, formerly industrial landscapes are increasingly seeing a revival with buildings restored for commercial and residential purposes. Unit 6.

Question 432

Question: 432

2. This area of Cincinnati is most likely inhabited by which of the following demographic cohorts?

A. Single, young college graduates
B. Retired baby boomers
C. Families with school-aged kids
D. Low-income families
E. High-income families

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

(A) Gentrified landscapes such as Over the Rhine attract younger, urban, often single professionals. The housing is such that it does not typically support larger families and requires a stable, significant income. In fact, one of the arguments against gentrification is that it displaces low-income, often minority populations that previously lived in those areas. Unit 6.

Question 433

Question: 433

3. In comparison to other models of urban structure, the sector model

A. incorporates a strong central business district (CBD).
B. suggests a concentric form of differing functions around an industrial core.
C. portrays ethnic neighborhoods and areas of industrial concentration.
D. displays a decentralized version of urban life.
E. relies on an assumption that real estate value decreases with distance from the city center.

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

(C) Unlike other models of urban form, such as the multiple-nuclei model or concentric-zone model, the sector model accounts for variation in the ethnic makeup of neighborhoods; immigrants frequently live in low-income housing, often near manufacturing or industrial areas. Unit 6.

Question 434

Question: 434

4. As the economies of industrialized countries continue to advance, agricultural production within these countries tends to follow which of the following patterns?

A. Farms are getting larger and are increasingly owned by just one entity (family or corporation).
B. Farms are getting larger and are increasingly government-owned.
C. Farms are getting smaller and are increasing the diversity of crops they produce.
D. Farms are getting smaller and are increasingly owned by farming cooperatives.
E. Farming is being completely eliminated in favor of importing agricultural goods from abroad.

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

(A) As countries become increasingly economically advanced, agricultural production becomes increasingly mechanized. Production, in terms of volume, tends to increase as farms become more efficient through the use of machinery and other technologies. However, although volume increases, the number of farmers decreases as corporate entities take over farming, or as families expand their operations.

Question 435

Question: 435

5. In the former Yugoslavia, the forced expulsion and killing of specific cultural groups during the 1990s is an example of

A. insurgency.
B. devolution.
C. chain migration.
D. ethnic cleansing.
E. Balkanization.

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

(D) During the 1990s, minority groups in the former Yugoslavia were forced out of their communities, often at gunpoint. Those who resisted were typically killed, in what is described as ethnic cleansing

Question 436

Question: 436

6. The number of smaller, family-owned farms in North America has increased in recent decades largely as a result of

A. an increase in consumption of organic and locally produced food items.
B. an increase in the costs of fuel, which presents prohibitive challenges to large-scale farming.
C. an increase in the export of crops to least-developed countries (LDCs).
D. a large-scale switch to production of staple crops such as corn and rice.
E. a decrease in the amount of subsidies provided by the government to support agricultural production.

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

(A) In recent decades, many Americans have become more concerned about the quality of their food and about the use of toxic pesticides in farming. This concern has led to an increase in demand for locally produced, organic farm products, which has led to greater opportunities for smaller farms that produce a wider variety of sustainably raised goods.

Question 437

Question: 437

7. What is most responsible for hierarchical diffusion, as opposed to contagious diffusion?

A. Distance decay effects
B. Special network links between major nodes
C. Some people's need for multiple contacts before they adopt an innovation
D. Proximity of the innovation to the varying degrees of diffusion
E. Relevance of particular innovations to only specific locations

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

(B) Hierarchical diffusion describes the spread of an innovation through specific nodes, which are not usually located close together in space, but exhibit strong links to one another in a network. For example, fashion trends tend to diffuse hierarchically between major fashion nodes (e.g., Paris, London, and Milan) before spreading contagiously to surrounding areas.

Question 438

Question: 438

8. Individuals, after experience with a place, form subjective images based on their perceptions of that place. This image is referred to as a

A. thematic map.
B. reference map.
C. mental map.
D. contour map.
E. topographic map.

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

(C) Mental maps are highly individualized personal images about a place, which are composed of subjective perceptions, memories, biases, and feelings. These perceptions and feelings can result from direct experience or from knowledge gained indirectly from various media outlets.

Question 439

Question: 439

9. Which of the following best describes a "pull factor" that would cause a rural family living in a least-developed country to leave their farm and migrate away from their home community?

A. Civil war or armed conflict in the rural countryside
B. Job opportunities in manufacturing in the country's urban area
C. Drought in the rural countryside
D. Lack of educational opportunity in the home community
E. Lack of healthcare in the home community

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

(B) Pull factors are just as they sound; they pull an individual or family toward a destination. This is in contrast to push factors, which compel people to leave their home or community. Option B

Question 440

Question: 440

10. Poorer rural-to-urban migrants in Latin America are most likely to have residences or homes

A. in slums or squatter settlements.
B. in single-family homes in the suburbs.
C. in government-provided public housing projects.
D. in high-density urban apartments.
E. in communal housing cooperatives.

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

(A) In Middle and South America, as depicted in the Ford Griffin Model of the Latin American City, poor urban inhabitants typically occupy areas on the outer fringes of the city, often in marginal landscapes. These migrants are searching for economic opportunity, often in the informal sector of the economy, and they do not have the income to afford more established housing options. Unit 6.

Question 441

Question: 441

11. A description of Paris as a place (rather than a space) would include

A. Paris's geographic coordinates.
B. the position of Paris relative to the Seine River.
C. the highways connecting Paris to the rest of France.
D. Parisians' love for pain au chocolat (chocolate croissants).
E. Paris's location relative to London.

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

(D) The concept of space simply describes a place's location, either in absolute or relative terms (or both). Descriptions of place involve unique characteristics that are essential elements of that location's identity. Parisians' love for chocolate croissants is a unique attribute of that city (even though they're also thoroughly enjoyed by tourists!).

Question 442

Question: 442

12. Angeline's mom immigrated to the United States (from the Netherlands) in the early 1950s by boat; the trip took several days. Her cousin immigrated by plane (also from the Netherlands) in the 1980s and it took half a day. What phenomenon does the travel-time difference illustrate?

A. Relative location
B. Situation
C. Time-space convergence
D. Connectivity
E. Absolute location

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

(C) Time-space convergence describes how the relative distance between places decreases as a result of improvements in transportation and communications technology. The United States became much "closer" to the Netherlands after air travel became more accessible.

Question 443

Question: 443

13. Which of the following events was an early form of globalization?

A. European colonization
B. The formation of NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement)
C. The invention of the internet
D. The invention of the airplane
E. The invention of refrigeration

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

(A) European colonization created a global network of exchange. Typically, raw materials flowed from the colonies to Europe, while manufactured goods flowed in the reverse direction. This same pattern exists in the modern era, but without official colonial rule. Raw materials typically flow from less-developed countries, which have large markets for manufacturing and industrial products.

Question 444

Question: 444

14. When looking at labor-force distribution on a global scale, which of the following patterns is generally true?

A. In highly developed (rich) countries, the labor force is evenly distributed across all economic sectors (primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary).
B. In least-developed countries, most laborers are in service-based industries (tertiary sector).
C. The world's wealthiest countries tend to have vast natural resources; thus, their labor force is predominantly primary sector (agriculture and mining).
D. Developed countries tend to concentrate in the secondary sector, while less developed countries concentrate in primary economic activities.
E. Poor countries tend to concentrate in primary sector economic occupations, while a richer country's labor force concentrates in service-based sectors (tertiary and quaternary).

Correct Answer: E

Explanation:

(E) The least-developed countries (LDCs) have labor force concentrations in the primary sector of the economy (harvesting of raw materials); industrial (secondary sector) activities tend to concentrate in developing economies. In highly developed regions, information-based and other services employ the largest sector of the labor force

Question 445

Question: 445

15. Which of the following is the BEST description of "sustainable development"?

A. Promotion of development strategies that encourage growth primarily in ecologically sustainable industries
B. Promotion of development strategies that will sustain economic growth in the long-term rather than short-term
C. Promotion of development strategies that focus primarily on reaching and sustaining a replacement (or lower) total fertility rate
D. Promotion of development strategies that improve current living standards without jeopardizing those of future generations
E. Promotion of development strategies that focus on integrating countries into the global economy, thus making countries more economically sustainable

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

(D) Sustainable development initiatives focus on strategies that do not limit future generations' access to resources or to reasonable and healthy standards of living.

Question 446

Question: 446

1. Increased air pollution, inner-city decay, homogenization of landscapes, and loss of productive farmlands are all caused by

A. climate change.
B. postmodernism.
C. gentrification.
D. suburbanization.
E. ghettoization.

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

(D) Suburbanization describes the process of urban areas expanding outward, converting productive farmland to housing and other services. Initially, individuals and families that moved to the suburbs commuted back to the city for work, a process accommodated by the automobile and improved highway systems. Even today, when commuting patterns don't always lead to the central business district (CBD), the suburban way of life still depends on the automobile, which leads to increased pollution levels. Additionally, as people continue to move out from the city, the city's tax base suffers, causing rundown in the infrastructure, vacant buildings, and substandard education and housing opportunities. Finally, most suburban landscapes in America today look similar, with the same fast food chains, big box stores, and shopping opportunities, leading to a homogenization of the American landscape. Unit 6.

Question 447

Question: 447

2. All of the following characterize the Green Revolution EXCEPT:

A. Development and improvement of chemicals used in agricultural production
B. Technological improvements such as hybrid seeds
C. Export of agricultural techniques from developed to developing countries
D. Use of environmentally sustainable "green" techniques in agricultural production
E. More intensive production of agricultural goods in developing regions

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

(D) The Green Revolution refers to an agricultural revolution in which improved technology allowed for intensive cultivation of landscapes, particularly in the developing world. The new technologies consisted of herbicides and pesticides, hybrid seeds that could withstand some of the severe conditions present in places such as Africa and South Asia, and mechanical improvements such as irrigation. Additionally, these technologies and techniques were imported from the developed world to developing regions to help them produce more goods on less land. Unit 6.

Question 448

Question: 448

3. Paper-based maps differ from Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in that

A. traditional maps typically show only land features, whereas a GIS takes into account a variety of different phenomena.
B. data can be more easily manipulated or analyzed within a GIS, whereas information is static on traditional maps.
C. a GIS produces thematic maps, whereas traditional maps tend to be reference maps.
D. GIS, because they're on the computer, are not projected, whereas traditional maps are.
E. GIS provide locational features, whereas traditional maps are mostly symbolic.

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

(B) GIS combine "geographic" (maps) with "information" (data tables) in one digital system that can integrate multiple layers of geospatial information. These layers can be manipulated or queried to conduct varying levels of spatial analysis. Consequently, GIS are dynamic, whereas traditional paper maps are typically static.

Question 449

Question: 449

4. When a people group have a recognized and common cultural identity, they are considered a _________. As opposed to a _________ which is a country with recognized political boundaries.

A. territory . . . state
B. nation . . . territory
C. state . . . territory
D. nation . . . state
E. territory . . . nation

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

(D) A nation, although commonly and incorrectly used as a synonym for country, consists of a cultural group that may or may not have an internationally recognized piece of land to associate itself with. A state is a correct synonym for country; it consists of a piece of land with internationally recognized borders.

Question 450

Question: 450

5. When two groups of people who speak different languages interact (to make a trade, for example), they often make up a simplified language combination to communicate with each other. This is called a(n)

A. dialect.
B. pidgin.
C. pig tongue.
D. Creole.
E. accent.

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

(B) A pidgin language is a simplified language, usually developed for trading purposes, that has little grammatical structure and a limited vocabulary. When a pidgin language becomes so pervasive that generations begin speaking it as their first language, a Creole has evolved.

Question 451

Question: 451

6. Country A is in stage 1 of demographic transition, while Country B is in stage 2. Net migration is equal in both countries. Which of the following is true about the population growth of these two countries?

A. Population growth rate of Country A is higher than that of Country B.
B. Population growth rate of Country B is higher than that of Country A.
C. The population of both countries is decreasing.
D. The population of both countries is not changing.
E. It depends on the total fertility rates in each country.

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

(B) The demographic transition model describes population growth (or lack of growth) in a country over time. The model states that countries go through four stages before achieving stable growth. Stage 1 is characterized by high birth and death rates and little growth; in stage 2, the death rate declines, birth rate remains high, and growth increases; in stage 3, the birth rate begins to drop and the growth rate also drops, but the country still experiences growth; and finally, in stage 4, both birth and death rates are low and growth is stable, or sometimes even declining. Country A, in stage 1, is experiencing little growth, while Country B, in stage 2, is experiencing decreasing death rates with high birth rates, consequently rapid growth.

Question 452

Question: 452

7. Which of the following best describes exurbia?

A. Usually found in Europe and Asia
B. Generally located along freeways on the outskirts of major cities
C. Made up of small, isolated communities consisting mostly of telecommuters
D. Usually designed by the City Beautiful Movement
E. Lies outside of urban zoning restrictions

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

(C) Exurbia is beyond suburbia, meaning beyond the fringes of an urban area. As telecommuting continues to be a popular option thanks to communications technologies, more individuals are choosing to live far outside of urban areas in small, mostly rural communities, and to work from home rather than commute to an office. Unit 6.

Question 453

Question: 453

8. Primate cities are those that

A. are seats of political power within a country.
B. are disproportionately larger than other cities within a country.
C. are the largest edge cities within a country.
D. conform to the rank-size rule as the highest-ranked city in a country.
E. are giant conurbations.

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

(B) Countries whose cities' populations do not conform to the rank-size rule tend to exhibit a primate city pattern. Countries with primate cities tend to be either former colonial cities or cities where a current or past monarchy resided. Both types of primate cities tend to concentrate political and economic power in one place, and within such countries, one urban area contains the majority of the urban population. Unit 6.

Question 454

Question: 454

9. According to the gravity model, technological improvements to transportation and communications technology should

A. not affect the probability of interaction between two places.
B. increase the population of the two places.
C. decrease the amount of interaction between two places.
D. decrease the population in the two places.
E. decrease the friction of distance.

Correct Answer: E

Explanation:

(E) The gravity model predicts interaction between two places. The standard model states that interaction is a function of the population of two places and the distance between them. As distance increases, likelihood of interaction decreases. However, with technologies that overcome or shrink distance, influence on the probability of spatial interaction decreases.

Question 455

Question: 455

10. In Von Thunen's model of agricultural land use, corn is farmed further from the market than strawberries, why?

A. People like strawberries more than bread.
B. Strawberries generate more revenue per acre.
C. The climate is different near the market.
D. Land rent is more expensive farther from the market.
E. Corn is more expensive to transport.

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

(B) According to von Thunen's model, items that are perishable and expensive to transport must be grown or produced close to the market. These items, such as corn and strawberries, also tend to generate larger revenue.

Question 456

Question: 456

11. Which is true about the conditions of women in more-developed countries (MDC) compared to those in less-developed countries (LDC)?

A. Women are more likely to be employed in agriculture in MDC.
B. Women are less likely to be literate in MDC.
C. Women do not perform labor in MDC.
D. Women are more likely to participate in government positions in MDC.
E. Women are more likely to have multiple children in MDC.

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

(D) Measures of social welfare generally indicate that the conditions for women in the least developed parts of the world are much worse than those of women in the highly developed regions. One such index, the Gender Empowerment Measure, developed by the United Nations, provides an overall picture of women's roles in different countries by looking at their participation in the labor force in professional and technical jobs, their influence in administrative and managerial positions, and their participation in government. According to this measure, women in more developed countries are much more likely to participate in government positions than their counterparts in developing parts of the globe.

Question 457

Question: 457

12. What is the biggest difference between universalizing and ethnic religions?

A. Ethnic religions are exclusively monotheistic.
B. Ethnic religions show stronger patterns of spatial diffusion than universalizing religions.
C. Universalizing religions involve beliefs in one or more deities (gods).
D. Universalizing religions actively seek new converts.
E. Universalizing religions are only meant to apply to a particular cultural group.

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

(C) Universalizing religions, as the term implies, seek to unite people from different backgrounds under one all-encompassing faith. Consequently, a major component of most universal religions involves proselytizing

Question 458

Question: 458

13. Which of the following exemplifies how government policy influences agricultural production?

A. Increased transport costs for bulkier items
B. Price supports for milk
C. Pastoral nomadism
D. A price increase on oranges after a hard freeze
E. A market that conforms to von Thunen's model

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

(B) Elements of government control exist in even the most commercial of economic systems as illustrated by US price supports for milk and other agricultural goods, which strongly influence production patterns.

Question 459

Question: 459

14. When political geographers describe a district as having been "gerrymandered", they are referring to:

A. an early technique for setting maritime boundaries.
B. the large number of federal regulations controlling pollution by corporations.
C. redistricting to ensure a majority-minority population within a district.
D. unethical zoning restrictions prohibiting low-income families from residing in upper-income areas of cities.
E. voting district boundaries configured to favor a particular political party or candidate.

Correct Answer: E

Explanation:

(E) In 1812, Governor Eldridge Gerry of Massachusetts signed into law a voting district that favored his political party. The particular voting district was so convoluted in shape that a political cartoonist converted the new district into a salamander, calling it the "salamander district." The term quickly morphed into "gerrymander," and ever since, redrawing of political boundaries to favor a particular party has been called "gerrymandering."

Question 460

Question: 460

15. Raphael's sweatshirt carries a tag stating, "Made in Bangladesh," meaning his sweatshirt was most likely constructed in a(n)

A. offshore financial center.
B. brick-and-mortar business.
C. ancillary activity.
D. informal economic center.
E. export-processing zone.

Correct Answer: E

Explanation:

(E) Export-processing zones are a common development strategy in peripheral countries such as Bangladesh because they provide significant employment opportunities. Further, these factories typically employ women, who do not often participate in the formal economy in developing areas.

Question 461

Question: 461

1. Which statement best exemplifies how the residential spatial patterns of wealthy urbanites in the United States compare with those of the wealthy urbanites in most European cities?

A. European and US city dwellers show a very similar pattern: most of the wealthy urbanites live in the central business district (CBD).
B. In both European and US cities, wealthy urbanites live on large estates far removed from the urban core.
C. In European cities, wealthy urbanites live in the exurbs and typically telecommute, while wealthy US urbanites live in the CBD.
D. In European cities, although wealthy people live in the suburbs, they also keep a high presence in the inner rings; in the United States, the wealthy tend to collect in the suburbs.
E. Both types of cities conform to the sector model: those with wealth are concentrated in a wedge going from the urban core to the suburbs, typically along a major transportation route.

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

(D) While there are certainly wealthy people living in America's urban cores, most of America's urban residential wealth is concentrated in the suburbs, where families can enjoy sprawling estates, lower crime rates, and better schools, among other suburban amenities. In contrast, many European urbanites prefer to reside in the urban core to be in close proximity to shops, restaurants, and other cultural amenities.

Question 462

Question: 462

2. If a country with a rapidly growing population were to implement a strict policy of only one child per couple, how would its population pyramid change from the time of implementation to 20 years after?

A. The pyramid's shape would change from a triangle (the true pyramid shape) to a column as the number of younger children dramatically decreased.
B. The pyramid would not change; it would be columnar in shape for both time pyramids.
C. The pyramid would still have a wide base 20 years later because of demographic momentum.
D. The pyramid would show decline at the base after 20 years because of low replacement-level fertility.
E. The pyramid would be wide at the top after 20 years as the population policy would lead to a problematic dependency ratio.

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

(C) Even with a strict policy, because of the pyramid's wide base at the time of implementation, in 20 years, many young people will be having just one child. It will take several generations for the population to actually stabilize, a phenomenon called demographic momentum.

Question 463

Question: 463

3. On the basis of the data, how does a country's level of urbanization relate to its labor-force composition?

A. Highly urbanized countries, like Australia, concentrate on services.
B. Less urbanized countries, like Zimbabwe, have a highly diverse labor force.
C. Urbanized countries tend to have less industry.
D. Less urbanized countries tend to have less agricultural production.
E. There is no clear relationship between urbanization and labor-force composition.

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

(A) Countries that are urbanized tend to have more highly educated populations that specialize in a variety of service-based occupations, jobs that typically concentrate in cities. Countries that are mostly rural have labor forces that obviously concentrate in the agricultural sector of the economy. As countries industrialize, they also typically urbanize, as factories and associated industries tend to concentrate in urban centers.

Question 464

Question: 464

4. Given Bangladesh's data, its position in the demographic transition model is most likely

A. stage 1
B. stage 2
C. stage 3
D. stage 4
E. stage 5

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

(C) As countries industrialize and urbanize, birth rates tend to drop as women become more active in the labor force. A falling birth rate characterizes stage 3 countries, such as in Bangladesh, where women provide the majority of labor in the industrial sector of the economy.

Question 465

Question: 465

5. If the chart contained an additional column with data showing educational attainment of women, what would the data be likely to reveal?

A. Educational attainment would be highest in Zimbabwe because service-based jobs require low levels of education.
B. Educational attainment would be highest in Bangladesh because of increasing growth in microcredit for women.
C. Educational attainment would be the same in Australia and Bangladesh, where industry and service occupation percentages are higher.
D. Educational attainment would likely be highest in Australia, where service-based occupations dominate.
E. Data on women's educational attainment would be likely to reveal that the three countries differed only minimally.

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

(D) Highly developed countries, such as Australia, have strong, service-based economies. These diverse economic systems require an educated population of both males and females.

Question 466

Question: 466

6. New York City and Los Angeles are 3,000 miles apart in terms of absolute distance, but they are quite connected economically and culturally. What explains this connectivity?

A. The cities have similar transportation and communications infrastructure, which facilitates interaction.
B. Both have diverse populations, which leads to a common cultural experience.
C. Both have high populations, which counteract distance in the gravity model.
D. They have similar economic bases, which leads to higher trade between the two.
E. Both have airports that allow for large jets and frequent arrivals and departures, and so travel between the two cities is very easy.

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

(C) The gravity model predicts interaction between two places on the basis of the size of their population and the distance between them. Large populations (in the numerator) lessen the friction of distance between two places.

Question 467

Question: 467

7. Agricultural production in the developed world is difficult to classify as part of the primary economy. Why?

A. Production no longer happens primarily in a field but rather through high-tech methods such as hydroponics.
B. Agriculture is primarily controlled by large agribusinesses that encourage large-scale industrial production.
C. With so little of the labor force engaged in this economic activity, the category essentially no longer exists for the developed world.
D. Developed countries now outsource all of their agricultural production from the developing world.
E. Agricultural production is still very much a primary economic activity in the developed world, and its methods are comparable to those of the developing world.

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

(B) Primary economic activities involve direct extraction of resources from the land. Modern-day agricultural production, particularly in the developed world, is difficult to categorize as a primary economic activity because of how industrialized it has become.

Question 468

Question: 468

8. Many countries in developing regions are experiencing dramatic declines in their fertility rates. What is the main cause for this pattern?

A. Women are marrying less frequently because many developing countries struggle with gender imbalances.
B. Women are becoming more educated and more active in the formal economy.
C. Women's access to contraception is getting better.
D. As more men in developing countries emigrate, women are left with fewer potential marriage partners.
E. Women are dying from infectious diseases before they reach childbearing age.

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

(B) As women gain access to educational and economic opportunities, an additional, professional role is given priority over their roles as wives and homemakers. This additional role tends to lead to less childbearing along with greater investment in the now smaller family's educational opportunities.

Question 469

Question: 469

9. Java's population density, by far the highest of Indonesia's 13,000-plus islands, is attributable to

A. volcanic activity, which feeds the soil.
B. government limitations on which islands Indonesians can inhabit.
C. Java's size
D. Java's strategic geographic location.
E. Java's accessibility as an island.

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

(A) Because of Java's equatorial position, the soil quality should not allow for substantial agricultural production. However, because of volcanic activity on the island, the soil is nutrient-rich and more suited for higher population density than nearby Indonesian islands.

Question 470

Question: 470

10. The cultural landscape is an example of the human-environment relationship in that

A. it shows how the physical environment has been negatively altered to fulfill the needs of a particular cultural group.
B. it shows how humans have reshaped a local space to meet their needs.
C. It shows how various cultural groups have suffered or thrived on the basis of geographic conditions.
D. it shows how spatial variation in this relationship might be used for finding ways to curb environmental damage resulting from human activity.
E. the cultural landscape involves investigation and analysis of human activity, but it does not consider the physical environment.

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

(B) Cultural landscapes include the interaction of physical features, economic practices, religious and linguistic characteristics, and other forms of cultural expression all in one space. As a result, they nearly perfectly embody the concept of the human-environment relationship.

Question 471

Question: 471

11. The ideas of Thomas Malthus and the neo-Malthusians describe the tension that exists between

A. gender equality and fertility.
B. population growth and poverty.
C. social welfare (health care, education) and fertility.
D. economic growth and population decline.
E. population growth and consumption of resources, including food.

Correct Answer: E

Explanation:

(E) Malthus and those that subscribe to his ideas posit that when populations exceed the resource base needed to support them, the population must be "checked" through war, famine, disease, or some other means.

Question 472

Question: 472

12. In squatter settlements in many Latin American cities, poor rural-to-urban migrants tend to make a living in which sector of the economy?

A. Basic
B. Informal
C. Nonbasic
D. Formal
E. Primary

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

(B) Most migrants in squatter settlements have relocated to the city in search of employment in growing urban economies. Until these individuals can secure a job in the formal economy, they make a living through informal economic activities, such as the sale of goods (e.g., food, clothing, handicrafts) or services (e.g., child care, handiwork, transportation).

Question 473

Question: 473

13. How is microcredit related to other common economic opportunities for women in the developing world, specifically work in an export-processing zone (EPZ)?

A. In order to fund dormitory housing, women must have microcredit to work in an export-processing zone.
B. Microcredit is the main avenue for union formation, which works to combat unfair labor conditions in factories.
C. With microloans, women can control their own businesses and therefore set their own hours and wages.
D. With microloans, women can pay for child care while they work factory jobs in the EPZ.
E. In the developing world, microcredit is available only to men; women must be married to have access to it.

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

(C) Microlending is proving to be a revolutionary sustainable development strategy as it allows women to control how they earn and spend money. They are not at the mercy of factory owners who require them to work long hours in substandard conditions, as is often the case for female laborers in export-processing zones.

Question 474

Question: 474

14. The cultural and political ideas of nationalism can work to sever the social fabric of a state. In this case, nationalism can be seen as

A. a push factor.
B. a pull factor.
C. a centrifugal force.
D. a centripetal force.
E. an intervening opportunity.

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

(C) Centrifugal forces are those that tear apart the social fabric of a country and can potentially lead to devolution. When a state is made up of multiple ethnic groups, nationalism can become a threat if those ethnic groups compete with one another for political dominance.

Question 475

Question: 475

15. _________ involves the economic and political domination of one state by another, while _____________ includes official, institutionalized government rule.

A. Regionalism . . . sectionalism
B. Sectionalism . . . regionalism
C. Imperialism . . . colonialism
D. Colonialism . . . imperialism
E. Nationalism . . . isolationism

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

(C) A country need not have formal rule over another in order to dominate it. Imperialism can include cultural, political, and other forms of external control. Colonialism includes officially organized political and military rule.

Question 476

Question: 476

1. Russia's takeover of the Crimean Peninsula, given the language patterns, illustrates which concept?

A. Irredentism
B. Gerrymandering
C. Devolution
D. Terrorism
E. Demilitarization

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

(A) Irredentism describes any political or popular movement that involves reclaiming a territory that previously belonged to the movement's members-in this case, Russia. As seen on the accompanying map, the majority of Crimea's population is of Russian descent. Russia gifted the peninsula to Ukraine in 1954. The referendum, deemed illegal by the United Nations, was an effort to reestablish the territory as Russian.

Question 477

Question: 477

2. What does the map show about differences between ethnic boundaries and political boundaries?

A. That ethnic boundaries do not typically differ from political boundaries
B. That political boundaries, which indicate sovereignty, sometimes fail to recognize cultural and ethnic diversity within a territory
C. That ethnic boundaries are absolute, whereas political boundaries are relative
D. That political boundaries are fuzzy, whereas ethnic boundaries are clearly defined
E. That both political and ethnic boundaries are clearly defined in the landscape

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

(B) Boundary lines can be defined in numerous ways. Sometimes political boundary lines, which indicate internationally recognized sovereignty over certain areas, do not align with ethnic, linguistic, and cultural boundaries, which tend to be fuzzier but are often more important, as they indicate a region with a common language and common customs.

Question 478

Question: 478

3. Why is it important to look at linguistic diversity on a national scale in addition to a global scale?

A. It is likely that there would be little difference between global and national maps when looking at linguistic diversity.
B. The global-scale map shows variation that would be difficult to detect on a national-scale map.
C. The national map shows patterns that would not be apparent on a global map.
D. Global-scale maps are more distorted than national-scale maps.
E. Data tends to lose accuracy as a map's scale becomes larger.

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

(C) As shown in the map accompanying the question, some parts of Ukraine use Russian much more prevalently than Ukrainian, their official language. Having access to data at a finer scale, in this case the national scale as opposed to the global scale, allows for greater insight into spatial patterns.

Question 479

Question: 479

4. Von Thunen's model of rural land use is based on which of the following premises?

A. Value of land decreases the farther it is from the urban center.
B. Value of land increases the farther it is from the urban center.
C. Perishable goods are the least valuable.
D. Railroads provide fixed transportation costs.
E. Vegetarianism is environmentally beneficial.

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

(A) In von Thunen's model, agricultural land use changes with distance from the city center, primarily due to land and commodity values. Expensive, perishable commodities are grown closer to urban markets, while less expensive, more expansive (in terms of land area necessary for cultivation) agricultural goods are grown farther from the city center.

Question 480

Question: 480

5. Some political geographers argue that every war is fought essentially for space (space to rule, space in which to practice one's religion, space to harvest certain resources, etc.). This argument illustrates the power of which concept?

A. Territoriality
B. Proxemics
C. Ethology
D. Sacred space
E. Topophilia

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

(A) Territoriality describes the deep connection of a people, their culture, and their economic systems to their land. Because of this deep connection and all that it encompasses, disputes or wars often center on maintaining ownership or control of land.

Question 481

Question: 481

6. Because of its heritage of the Catalan language and culture, Catalonia, a region in northeast Spain, voted on which of the following in 2017?

A. Electoral reapportionment
B. Economic freedom
C. Unitary standing
D. Self-determination
E. Membership in the United Nations

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

(D) Catalonia, because of its unique language and cultural identity, sought independence from Spain in a referendum in October 2017. The referendum was not recognized by the Spanish government, which considered it illegal.

Question 482

Question: 482

7. "Food security" is the term used to describe

A. reliable access, across scales, to food at all times.
B. a reliable national system for ensuring food safety.
C. a reliable labeling system that lets people know what they are consuming (e.g., GMOs).
D. a reliable international trading system that insures against fluctuation in the market.
E. a reliable international regulatory system that ensures similar safety standards across the globe.

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

(A) Food security is a condition related to food supply and an individual's access to it. It is a concern whose scale encompasses everything from food deserts in some of America's urban centers to entire countries that struggle against famine.

Question 483

Question: 483

8. The disproportionate siting of power plants and waste-disposal facilities in African American and Latino neighborhoods

A. postmaterialism.
B. environmental racism.
C. deindustrialization.
D. environmental justice.
E. ecological inferiority.

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

(B) Environmental racism is any activity that causes people of a particular racial or ethnic group to be purposefully and disproportionately exposed to environmental hazards and pollution or to be denied access to environmental amenities such as clean water and open space.

Question 484

Question: 484

9. The religious practices of some Native American groups combine elements from their traditional religion and from Christianity. This is an example of

A. a cultural complex.
B. a cultural confluence.
C. a counterculture.
D. a cultural diaspora.
E. a cultural syncretism.

Correct Answer: E

Explanation:

(E) A cultural syncretism occurs when two or more different cultures or cultural traits converge to form something new.

Question 485

Question: 485

10. _____ maps work well for locating and navigating between places, while __________ maps display one or more variables across a specific space.

A. Reference . . . thematic
B. Thematic . . . reference
C. Spatial . . . cartographic
D. Cartographic . . . spatial
E. Topologic . . . choropleth

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

(A) Another way to think about cartographic representation is to divide maps into those used for reference and those that focus on a specific theme. An example of a reference map would be a road map or an atlas. An example of a thematic map would be a dot map that shows instances of petty crimes in the London metropolitan area.

Question 486

Question: 486

11. The excerpt reveals the tension in many urban areas around which of the following urban geography processes?

A. Gentrification
B. Commercialization
C. New urbanism
D. Edge cities
E. Primate cities

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

(A) Gentrification describes the process whereby people, typically middle- and upper-income people, move into city centers and rehabilitate much of the architecture for commercial and residential purposes. While it has its benefits, gentrification can also displace low-income populations and change the social character of certain neighborhoods.

Question 487

Question: 487

12. "Preserving the street's character" is an example of the importance of which of the following concepts?

A. Place
B. Space
C. Distance
D. Absolute location
E. Relative location

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

(A) A space describes a location-an address or a set of coordinates-whereas the concept of "place" connotes the set of characteristics that make a location special and unique. It is essentially the difference between a house and a home: a house being the structure you live in and "home" describing the feeling you have about the structure and the people and things within it.

Question 488

Question: 488

13. On the basis of this excerpt, those most likely to relocate to gentrified areas seem to be

A. families.
B. retired couples.
C. low-income or unemployed individuals.
D. young, creative entrepreneurs.
E. working-class couples.

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

(D) Gentrified urban areas typically attract young, single entrepreneurs, white-collar workers, and couples without kids. While gentrified areas offer the attraction of cultural amenities, restaurants, and bars, they do not often offer the types of amenities sought by families, such as large yards, high-quality education, and varying recreational opportunities.

Question 489

Question: 489

14. Swahili is the language of trade for most of East Africa and the only African language in use by the African Union. As such it is a good example of a

A. lingua franca.
B. dialect.
C. syncretism.
D. Creole.
E. cultural hearth.

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

(A) A lingua franca is a simple language that combines aspects of two or more other, more-complex languages; it is usually used for quick and efficient communication.

Question 490

Question: 490

15. Slash-and-burn agriculture meets all of the following conditions EXCEPT

A. it occurs mainly in tropical environments.
B. it is associated with deforestation.
C. it is part of the Green Revolution.
D. it was practiced sustainably by indigenous peoples.
E. it is uncommon in the temperate latitudes.

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

(C) Slash-and-burn agriculture historically was practiced in a sustainable manner by native people in tropical regions across the globe. However, it has now become associated with population growth, migration, and tropical deforestation in Brazil and elsewhere. It is not part of the Green Revolution, which involves increasing crop yield through new crop strains and other technological systems.

Question 491

Question: 491

1. The pan-Arab region of northern Africa and Southwest Asia is best classified as which region type?

A. Functional region
B. Formal region
C. Administrative region
D. Perceptual region
E. Hierarchical region

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

(B) A formal region is one in which the population shares one or more unique characteristics, such as language, religion, and ethnicity. The boundary that defines the pan-Arab region includes people that typically embrace Islam and are of Arab descent.

Question 492

Question: 492

2. Which of the following universalizing religions originated in northern India and then spread across Central and Southeast Asia, Indonesia, and Japan?

A. Hinduism
B. Buddhism
C. Islam
D. Taoism
E. Judaism

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

(B) Buddhism, one of the three great world religions, began in the Indian subcontinent and then spread across central and eastern Asia.

Question 493

Question: 493

3. The Industrial Revolution transformed Western agriculture

A. through mechanization and the creation of new markets.
B. with biotechnology.
C. through technological and religious change.
D. by eliminating agricultural pests.
E. by eliminating plant hybridization.

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

(A) During the Industrial Revolution, many people migrated from rural areas to large urban centers, generating a great need for agricultural goods within those centers. Furthermore, the technology characteristics of the Industrial Revolution transformed agricultural production as mechanization allowed more rapid cultivation of greater expanses of land.

Question 494

Question: 494

4. Which of the following BEST describes the purpose of the European Union?

A. An economic organization whose focus is on easy flow of goods, services, and people among member nations
B. A political organization whose focus is on maintaining peaceful relations, particularly with nations to the east of Europe
C. A diplomatic organization whose focus is on increasing democracy and capitalism in the Western world
D. A cultural organization whose focus is on cultural integration across a variety of ethnicities and religions
E. A social organization whose focus is on easing relations between a diverse set of ethnic and religious groups

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

(A) The European Union, which stemmed from the European Economic Community, is at its heart an economic organization that integrated separate economies into one unit in order to be more competitive in the global marketplace.

Question 495

Question: 495

5. In general, the countries with the least linguistic diversity tend to be located

A. in the southern hemisphere.
B. in the eastern hemisphere.
C. in the world's most developed regions.
D. in the world's least developed regions.
E. in the Americas.

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

(C) Some of the world's least-developed regions, including sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and Southeast Asia, are rich in linguistic diversity, as opposed to developed regions of North America, Western Europe, and Oceania, where linguistic diversity tends to be quite low.

Question 496

Question: 496

6. Which of the following are the correct scales of analysis presented by these two maps?

A. Regional vs. national
B. Global vs. regional
C. Global vs. national
D. Global vs. local
E. National vs. province

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

(C) One map shows variation in linguistics across the globe-global scale. The other shows variation within a nation-state or country-national scale. Comparing data across scales allows for a richer and more nuanced understanding of a pattern or trend.

Question 497

Question: 497

7. Which of the following is the likely result of Nigeria's linguistic diversity?

A. Increased political fragmentation as linguistic diversity often acts as a centripetal force
B. Increased immigration as linguistic diversity attracts Africans from across the continent
C. Increased global trade as linguistic diversity opens up economic opportunities
D. Decreased political tension as diversity leads to tolerance
E. Decreased immigration as people stick to their own ethnic enclaves

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

(A) While Nigeria's linguistic diversity contributes to its rich history, strong family traditions, and vibrant culture, it also contributes to political tension. Operating as one cohesive nation with a multiplicity of languages and ethnicities proves challenging.

Question 498

Question: 498

8. The fact that Cincinnati, OH, is able to support a major-league baseball team and an NFL football team, while its neighbor, Toledo, can support only a minor league team, is largely attributable to

A. metropolitan-area theory.
B. sector theory.
C. central-place theory.
D. urban-matrix theory.
E. the rank-size rule.

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

(C) Central-place theory describes the organization of urban areas in a region or country. According to the theory, there should be a few large centers that provide a wide range of goods and services requiring a large market area (like a major-league baseball team). The central place is surrounded by a matrix of smaller cities, towns, and hamlets that offer progressively fewer products and enticements.

Question 499

Question: 499

9. One important consequence of cultural extinction is

A. decreasing population.
B. increased poverty in peripheral regions.
C. loss of genetic diversity.
D. loss of indigenous knowledge about ecosystems.
E. increasing population.

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

(D) Many geographers, ecologists, and medical researchers have noted that indigenous knowledge about nature can be helpful in understanding ecosystems and in locating potential organisms for biomedical research. However, with decreasing cultural diversity, such knowledge is inevitably being lost.

Question 500

Question: 500

10. States with a federal form of government must also have

A. territorial organization.
B. fascist regimes.
C. social-democracies.
D. proportional representation.
E. congressional oversight.

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

(A) Federalism implies territorial organization. In territorial organization, national governments divide up their land base into smaller units, such as states and counties. These smaller units assume some level of autonomy in local governance and representation.

Question 501

Question: 501

11. Which urban model best describes the typical suburban American city?

A. Multiple-nuclei model
B. Concentric-zone model
C. Demographic-transition model
D. Hoyt-sector model
E. Ecological model of urban land use

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

(A) The multiple-nuclei model describes urban areas that contain numerous centers of business and cultural activity rather than a single central place. As American communities have become increasingly suburbanized, commercial and cultural opportunities have spread to the suburbs, creating multiple nuclei of activity within one urban area.

Question 502

Question: 502

12. Monocultural agricultural systems tend to be most prevalent

A. in the least-developed countries and regions of the world.
B. in developing countries that are transitioning through industrialization.
C. in highly developed countries with labor-force concentrations in the tertiary and quaternary sectors.
D. in challenging climate regimes.
E. in tropical climate regimes where slash-and-burn is practiced.

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

(C) In highly developed countries, labor is concentrated in the service sector of the economy. Machines do the bulk of agricultural work instead of people, a process most suited to monoculture crops such as corn, soybeans, cotton, and wheat.

Question 503

Question: 503

13. To get an understanding of voting patterns within the Los Angeles metropolitan area, what would be the best scale at which to investigate these data?

A. Global
B. Country
C. State
D. County
E. Census tract

Correct Answer: E

Explanation:

(E) The finer the scale, the greater the ability to recognize and understand spatial patterns. If voting patterns are looked at on the state scale, Los Angeles County is likely to be categorized in one way. When the data are looked at by census tract, voting patterns in different parts of the city become observable.

Question 504

Question: 504

14. Many of the most successful and sustainable population programs focus on which of the following as a means for curbing fertility rates?

A. Establishing quotas on resources such as food, water, and land
B. Increasing access to sterilization procedures for males and females
C. Increasing women's access to education
D. Instituting penalties on families that have more than a designated number of children
E. Providing incentives to make it easier for women to stay at home with their children

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

(C) As women gain access to education, employment opportunities in the formal economy open up to them. With more time invested in education and employment, less time is available to manage a family. Furthermore, as women become more educated, their awareness of family planning increases. Taken together, these factors lead to a dramatically lower fertility rate.

Question 505

Question: 505

15. Replacing imports with goods manufactured locally (import substitution) falls under which philosophy of development?

A. Sustainable
B. Modernization
C. Neoliberal
D. Dependency
E. Maturity

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

(D) The dependency theory of development describes a desire to become economically self-sufficient rather than relying on the problematic economic relationship set into play under colonization. Instead of relying on their colonizers for expensive manufactured imports, newly independent countries chose to develop a manufacturing base in order to substitute imports with domestically manufactured goods.

Question 506

Question: 506

The pattern on this map is the likely result of which of the following processes?

A. Stepped migration
B. Chain migration
C. Forced migration
D. Redlining
E. Blockbusting

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

(C) Chain migration describes the social process by which immigrants from a particular area follow others, typically family members or close friends, to a new area. These new neighborhoods often take on the cultural characteristics of "home" and include restaurants, stores, and places of worship, among other things.

Question 507

Question: 507

2. The political geographic concept of the nation is defined as

A. a group of people defined and organized by a centralized government.
B. a smaller unit of a federal system, such as a Canadian province.
C. a group of people represented by a singular and unique culture.
D. a group of people with a singular culture and a singular government.
E. being synonymous with a state or country.

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

(C) A nation is not synonymous with a state or country, both of which connote political sovereignty over a particular piece of space. A nation is a tightly knit group of individuals that share a language, ethnicity, religion, and other unique cultural attributes.

Question 508

Question: 508

3. What is most responsible for hierarchical diffusion, as opposed to contagious diffusion?

A. Distance decay effects
B. Special network links between major nodes
C. Some people need multiple contacts before they adopt an innovation.
D. Proximity of the innovation to the varying degrees of diffusion
E. Relevance of particular innovations only to specific locations

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

(B) Hierarchical diffusion describes the spread of an innovation through specific nodes that are not usually located close together in space but exhibit strong links to one another in a network.

Question 509

Question: 509

4. In highly developed countries such as France and Germany, what lies behind most population growth?

A. Natural increase
B. Immigration
C. Emigration
D. Adoption
E. Population is declining, not growing, in these countries.

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

(B) France and Germany, both highly developed countries, are in stage 4 of the demographic transition model, meaning each couple replaces itself, if that. In order for the population of these countries to grow, they must allow for immigration. The opportunities available in both countries make them appealing destinations for many migrants.

Question 510

Question: 510

5. Which of the following countries is likely to list HIV/AIDS as a significant cause of death?

A. Finland
B. Brazil
C. Botswana
D. Mongolia
E. Turkmenistan

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

(C) Botswana, located in sub-Saharan Africa, is a low-income nation that has been ravished by the HIV/AIDS epidemic. As the graph shows, low-income countries struggle much more with infectious diseases than do high-income countries.

Question 511

Question: 511

6. Which human geography concept or model explains the difference between causes of death in low-income vs. high-income countries?

A. Core-periphery model
B. Epidemiological transition
C. Demographic transition
D. Rostow's modernization model
E. Differing beliefs on vaccination

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

(B) Epidemiological transition accounts for the replacement of infectious diseases with chronic diseases as a major cause of death. As countries become more developed, they gain access to the medical care that prevents infectious disease, as well as discover the causes of chronic diseases (sedentary occupations, processed foods, and the like).

Question 512

Question: 512

7. Development indicators are often categorized as economic or social. How should mortality rates be categorized?

A. As a social indicator of development
B. As an economic indicator of development
C. As both a social and an economic indicator of development
D. If mortality is included with economics, as an economic indicator of development
E. As having nothing to do with development

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

(A) Economic indicators of development typically describe measures of wealth, such as Gross National Product and Gross National Income. Social-welfare indicators demonstrate how a country is investing in the well-being of its population in terms of education, health, and other social services. Therefore, mortality rates are often seen as a social indicator of economic development.

Question 513

Question: 513

This image above illustrates which of the following processes?

A. Chain migration
B. Forced migration
C. Voluntary migration
D. Step migration
E. Ravenstein's third law of migration

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

(B) In forced migration, people leave an area for reasons other than their own choice. Factors leading to this movement include political unrest, religious persecution, ethnic cleansing, and environmental degradation. Often those fleeing their homes for these reasons seek refuge in a different country, as illustrated in this photo of a refugee camp in Pakistan.

Question 514

Question: 514

9. Many of Africa's recent political and economic challenges can be attributed to

A. lack of natural resources.
B. climate change.
C. colonialism.
D. nepotism.
E. the Cold War.

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

(C) Many attribute the lack of political cohesion in much of sub-Saharan Africa to the way colonizing countries divided the space without any consideration of ethnic boundaries. Even after decolonization, much of the region's resources still flow out, with the wealth often accruing to corporations based in the countries of the former colonizers.

Question 515

Question: 515

10. A Pakistani family moves to a predominantly Pakistani neighborhood in London, where the family members maintain many of their cultural traditions. Which of the following terms best describes this circumstance?

A. A diorama
B. A diaspora
C. An ethnic enclave
D. Step migration
E. Gentrification

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

(B) A diaspora refers to a group of people with a common ethnic identity who are spread out over a large geographic area. Such an ethnic group often exists in an enclave that allows its members to maintain the group's cultural traditions.

Question 516

Question: 516

11. Which of the following is an example of how patterns of food production and consumption have shifted in highly developed countries, such as the United States, in recent years?

A. The rise of pesticides and other chemicals
B. The rise of genetically modified organisms (GMOs)
C. The rise of agricultural machinery
D. The rise in number and popularity of urban farmer's markets
E. The decline in food-related legislation

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

(D) The growth in farmer's markets and urban gardening in highly developed countries, particularly the United States, indicates a growing backlash against large-scale industrial agriculture. Many consumers want to support local farms and farmers so as to be assured that their food is healthy for themselves and the environment.

Question 517

Question: 517

12. The growing number of retirement homes and memory-care facilities being built throughout the Western world is an indication of which of the following?

A. A columnar-shaped population pyramid
B. A population pyramid with a wide bottom
C. A problematic dependency ratio
D. A problematic family dynamic
E. A problematic health-care system

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

(C) The dependency ratio refers to the percentage of people in a population who are either too old or too young to work and thus must rely on the productive labor of others to meet their needs. The growing number of retirement homes in developed countries, particularly the United States, reflects the entry of baby boomers into the later stages of life.

Question 518

Question: 518

13. According to the gravity model, technological improvements in transportation and communications technology should

A. have no effect on the probability of interaction between two places.
B. increase the population of the two places.
C. decrease the amount of interaction between two places.
D. decrease the population in the two places.
E. decrease the friction of distance.

Correct Answer: E

Explanation:

(E) The gravity model predicts interaction between two places. The standard model states that interaction is a function of the population of two places and the distance between them. As distance increases, the likelihood of interaction decreases. However, with technologies that overcome or shrink distance, its influence on the probability of spatial interaction decreases.

Question 519

Question: 519

14. A Geographic Information System (GIS) differs from a traditional map in what ways?

A. A traditional map typically shows only land features, whereas a GIS takes a variety of different phenomena into account.
B. Data can be more easily manipulated or analyzed within a GIS, whereas information is static on a traditional map.
C. A GIS produces a thematic map, whereas a traditional map tends to be a reference map.
D. Because a GIS is on a computer, it isn't projected; a traditional map is.
E. There are no major differences between a GIS and a traditional map.

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

(B) GIS combines "geographic" (maps) and "information" (data) in one digital system that can integrate multiple layers of geospatial information. These layers can be manipulated or queried to conduct varying levels of spatial analysis. Thus, GIS is dynamic, while a traditional paper map is static.

Question 520

Question: 520

15. Domingo owns a piece of land in the US Southwest that he irrigated heavily in order to grow tomatoes. Domingo's land is now infertile. What process is most likely to have caused Domingo's soil to become unproductive?

A. Gentrification
B. Deforestation
C. Salinization
D. Bromidification
E. Desertification

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

(C) When farmers irrigate desert landscapes in an effort to increase productivity of an otherwise unproductive piece of land, the outcome typically involves salinization. The water applied to the land through irrigation evaporates quickly in the hot temperatures associated with these climates. After evaporation, a thick salty residue remains that renders the soil infertile. This process is what is meant by the term "salinization."

Question 521

Question: 521

1. Which of the following best describes the difference between hierarchical and contagious diffusion?

A. In hierarchical diffusion, transmission occurs due to the relationships between places, whereas in contagious diffusion, transmission occurs due to the proximity between places.
B. Hierarchical diffusion is rare, whereas contagious diffusion is common.
C. Hierarchical diffusion occurs when people stay in place, whereas contagious diffusion occurs when they move.
D. Hierarchical diffusion is a form of expansion diffusion, whereas contagious diffusion is a form of relocation diffusion.
E. In hierarchical diffusion, transmission occurs due to the proximity between places, whereas in contagious diffusion, transmission occurs due to the relationships between places.

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

(A) Hierarchical diffusion occurs when a cultural trait is transmitted from one place to another because the two places have some common characteristic or relationship. It is different from contagious diffusion, in which a cultural trait is passed from one person or place to another simply because of their proximity.

Question 522

Question: 522

2. When recent college graduates and young professionals move to large cities with cultural amenities and job opportunities, to what are they responding?

A. Suburban amenities
B. Push factors
C. Pull factors
D. Mobility opportunities
E. Centripetal forces

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

(C) Pull factors, such as job and recreational opportunities, attract people to move to new places. Push factors, such as violence and economic stagnation, encourage people to leave their old homes and search for new places to live with better prospects.

Question 523

Question: 523

Which of the countries represented in the figure above is experiencing the slowest rate of population growth?

A. Denmark
B. United States
C. Kenya
D. Denmark and the United States are roughly equivalent.
E. The country with the greatest proportion of young people

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

(A) The population pyramids provided show that Denmark, which has the smallest proportion of young people and largest proportion of older people, is experiencing the slowest population growth.

Question 524

Question: 524

4. The largely urbanized landscape that stretches along the US eastern seaboard from Washington, D.C., to Boston is an example of what?

A. A megacity
B. An edge city
C. A megalopolis
D. An urban agglomeration economy
E. A primate city

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

(C) A megalopolis is an entire region that has become highly urbanized. In North America, megalopolises include the Boston-New York-Philadelphia-Baltimore-Washington, D.C. urban mass along the eastern seaboard and the Los Angeles-Orange County-San Diego-Tijuana megalopolis in southern California and Baja, Mexico.

Question 525

Question: 525

5. Which of the following describes religions that combine elements of Christianity with other traditional beliefs or practices?

A. Independent innovation of cultural traits
B. False idols
C. Cultural lags
D. Creolized religion
E. Cultural appropriation

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

(D) Creolized religions combine aspects of world religions with local beliefs and traditional practices to create something new.

Question 526

Question: 526

6. Which of the following does not describe the Green Revolution?

A. Development and improvement of agricultural chemicals
B. Technological improvements such as hybrid seeds
C. Transfer of knowledge and technology from developed to developing countries
D. Application of more environmentally sustainable farming techniques
E. Intensification of farming practices in developing regions

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

(D) The Green Revolution was an effort to increase agricultural yields in the short term through the use of selective breeding, technology, and fertilizers. It did not seek to be more environmentally sustainable in the long term.

Question 527

Question: 527

7. A ___________ is a group of people with a common cultural identity, whereas a __________ is a country with established and recognized borders.

A. territory . . . state
B. nation . . . territory
C. state . . . territory
D. nation . . . state
E. territory . . . nation

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

(D) A nation is a group of people with a common cultural identity, whereas a state is a country with established and recognized borders.

Question 528

Question: 528

8. Which of the following is not included as a term in the demographic accounting equation?

A. Natural increase
B. Natural decrease
C. Total fertility rate
D. Immigration
E. Emigration

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

(B) Natural decrease is not a term in the demographic accounting equation, but a country can have a negative rate of natural increase.

Question 529

Question: 529

9. Which of the following refers to a simplified language used to communicate among people who speak different native tongues?

A. Dialect
B. Pidgin
C. Lingua franca
D. Creole
E. Accent

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

(C) A lingua franca is a simplified language often used to communicate when traveling or engaging in trade.

Question 530

Question: 530

10.

Which of the following describes a country in stage 3 of the demographic transition model shown above?

A. It has a high and consistent death rate.
B. It has a high and consistent birth rate.
C. It has a stable population.
D. It is undergoing rapid but declining population growth.
E. It is undergoing slow but increasing population growth.

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

(D) In stage 3, death rates decline dramatically, followed by birth rates. The decline in death rates results, for a time, in rapid growth, but this growth slows considerably as birth rates drop. Longer lives and lower fertility are common in more-developed countries.

Question 531

Question: 531

11. Which of the following best describes a primate city?

A. The major seat of political power within a country
B. A city that is disproportionately larger than other cities in a country
C. The largest edge city in a country
D. The top city in the rank-size hierarchy
E. A suburban metropolis

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

(B) A primate city is one that is disproportionately larger-at least twice as large and often several times bigger-than other cities in a country. Many countries have primate cities. Paris and London are examples, as are Mexico City and Tokyo. The United States, China, India, and Germany are examples of countries without true primate cities.

Question 532

Question: 532

12. According to the gravity model, technological improvements in transportation and communication between two places should result in which of the following?

A. They should have no effect on the two places' interactions.
B. They should cause an increase in the populations of both places.
C. They should cause a decrease in the amount of interaction between the two places.
D. They should cause a decrease in the populations of both places.
E. They should cause a decline in the friction of distance between the two places.

Correct Answer: E

Explanation:

(E) The gravity model says that greater connectivity between two places will reduce the friction of distance between them. They will seem closer together even though they remain the same distance apart.

Question 533

Question: 533

13. Which of the following terms best describes the makeshift neighborhoods, constructed of inexpensive scrap materials, found in all of the world's largest peripheral cities?

A. Edge cities
B. Squatter settlements
C. Swidden lands
D. Gentrified districts
E. Informal economic sectors

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

(B) Squatter settlements are unplanned neighborhoods that have developed around the world in fast-growing cities in developing countries. These neighborhoods often lack basic infrastructure and services and are plagued by crime, but their resilient residents are known for finding creative ways to overcome these challenges and hardships.

Question 534

Question: 534

14. According to von Thunen's model of regional agricultural landscapes and economies, why is wheat farmed farther than dairy is from the markets where both are sold?

A. People like milk more than bread.
B. Dairy generates more revenue per acre.
C. The climate is different near the market.
D. Land rent is more expensive farther from the market.
E. Wheat is more expensive to transport.

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

(B) Dairy generates greater profits from a smaller land area, making it better suited for the higher rents closer to markets. Dairy is also heavier than wheat per unit sold, which increases transportation costs.

Question 535

Question: 535

15. On a topographic contour (isoline) map, which pattern of contour lines corresponds to the steepest slope?

A. Open areas with no contour lines
B. Widely spaced contour lines
C. Evenly spaced contour lines
D. Closely spaced contour lines
E. Only elevation, not slope, can be deciphered from contour lines

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

(D) Since topographic contour lines follow points of equal elevation, the closer the contour lines are, the steeper the slope they describe.

Question 536

Question: 536

1. Which is a good example of a functional region?

A. The Bible Belt states
B. The area served by a local bus line
C. The state of California
D. An individual's perception of his/her daily activity space
E. An area where one dominant language prevails

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

(B) Unlike other region types, which are typically defined according to some sort of uniform characteristic within an area, a functional region is defined by a particular function, usually involving spatial interaction, which takes place within a fairly defined boundary. The only option among the possible responses that describes a functional region of interaction is that of the area a local bus line serves.

Question 537

Question: 537

2. On a Mercator projection map, where will you find the landmasses most exaggerated in relative size?

A. Near the poles
B. Near the prime meridian
C. Near the equator
D. Near the major oceans
E. Near the tropics

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

(A) Because it is impossible to project a rounded surface onto a flat one with full accuracy, all map projections distort either area, distance, shape, or direction. The Mercator projection distorts area such that landmasses near the poles appear far bigger than they actually are relative to landmasses at lower latitudes.

Question 538

Question: 538

Which of the following is the proper term for the above map depicting the size of each country in proportion to its population?

A. An image map
B. A choropleth map
C. A projected map
D. An isoline map
E. A cartogram

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

(B) A choropleth map uses area to depict relative values, such as population size.

Question 539

Question: 539

4. When looking at labor-force distribution on a global scale, which of the following patterns is generally true?

A. In highly developed (rich) countries, the labor force is evenly distributed across all economic sectors (primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary).
B. In the least-developed countries, most laborers are in service-based industries (tertiary sector).
C. Since the world's wealthiest countries tend to have vast natural resources, their labor forces are mainly in the primary sector (agriculture and mining).
D. A poor country's labor force is concentrated in the primary sector, while a richer country's labor force skews toward the tertiary and quaternary sectors.
E. Both highly developed and least-developed countries.

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

(D) Poor countries have labor forces concentrated in the primary sector, while a richer country's labor force skews toward the tertiary and quaternary sectors.

Question 540

Question: 540

5. Which is generally true regarding the conditions of women in more-developed countries (MDCs) compared to those in less-developed countries (LDCs)?

A. Women are more likely to be employed in agriculture in MDCs.
B. Women are less likely to be literate in MDCs.
C. Women do not perform labor in MDCs.
D. Women are more likely to participate in government positions in MDCs.
E. Women are more likely to have multiple children in MDCs.

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

(D) Women in MDCs tend to have more education and political empowerment, and thus they are more likely to participate in government.

Question 541

Question: 541

6. Which of the following did not contribute to suburbanization in the United States in the 1950s and 1960s?

A. Greater availability of mortgage loans
B. The baby boom
C. Economic growth
D. Road construction
E. Urban gentrification

Correct Answer: E

Explanation:

(E) Several factors-including more accessible loans, higher fertility rates, economic growth, and road building-enabled large-scale suburbanization in the decades after World War II. Urban gentrification is mainly associated with the period since 1990, when cities that declined during the postwar era started to receive increasing investment and, as a result, property values rose.

Question 542

Question: 542

7. Population information from the US Census affects the political process by

A. determining the number of electoral votes given to each state.
B. determining the number of Senate seats given to each state.
C. determining the number of electoral votes given to each political party.
D. determining voting district boundaries within states.
E. determining when each state holds its primary election.

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

(A) US Census information is used in many ways. For example, it helps set the amount of funding that goes to different areas on the basis of each area's population and socioeconomic needs. The census also determines the number of electoral votes given to each state in upcoming presidential elections.

Question 543

Question: 543

8. Mexico's maquiladoras are examples of which of the following?

A. Offshore financial centers
B. Brick-and-mortar businesses
C. Ancillary activities
D. Informal economic activities
E. Export-processing zones

Correct Answer: E

Explanation:

(E) Mexico's maquiladoras are export-processing zones where goods are manufactured and distributed to consumers mostly in the United States and Canada.

Question 544

Question: 544

The pie charts above most likely represent the labor force by occupation in which of the following pairs of countries?

A. Mexico; Denmark
B. Saudi Arabia; South Africa
C. Cameroon; Denmark
D. New Zealand; Russia
E. Chile; Oman

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

(C) Cameroon is a less-developed country with a large agricultural labor force, whereas Denmark is a highly developed country with a large service sector.

Question 545

Question: 545

10. Rostow's stages-of-economic-development model predicts that each country's economy will progress along which of the following trajectories?

A. High consumption to ecological sustainability
B. Low output to high output
C. Low income to high income and high mass consumption
D. Low employment in tertiary activities to high employment in primary activities
E. Low dependency to high dependency on other economies

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

(C) Rostow's model predicts that countries will develop over time, proceeding from low income to high income and high mass consumption. It describes the trajectories of some countries, but the complexity of history and geography require that we consider it only as a general concept and not a predictive model applicable to specific circumstances.

Question 546

Question: 546

11. Which of the following best defines the term "gerrymandering"?

A. An early technique for setting maritime boundaries
B. The large number of federal regulations controlling pollution by corporations
C. Redistricting to ensure a majority-minority population within a district
D. Legal "covenants" prohibiting people of color from residing in certain neighborhoods
E. Drawing voting district boundaries to favor a political party or candidate

Correct Answer: E

Explanation:

(E) Gerrymandering involves drawing voting district boundaries to favor a political party or candidate. The United States Supreme Court generally has upheld the idea that partisan gerrymandering is allowed, to a point, under the Constitution even though computer mapping has increased the ability of parties to draw biased boundaries and doing so has negative consequences for political representation.

Question 547

Question: 547

12. The map suggests which of the following about Los Angeles?

A. It is organized around a dominant central business district.
B. It is a primate city.
C. It is a multinucleated urban region.
D. It is organized into concentric rings.
E. It is a new urbanist city.

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

(C) Los Angeles is a classic multinucleated urban region in that it contains multiple nodes of commerce and government of similar social, political, and financial status. Los Angeles has a large downtown, but its central business district is not nearly as dominant, for example, as Chicago's Loop, which is the center for business and finance in the Midwest.

Question 548

Question: 548

13. Based on the map, which of the following best describes Los Angeles?

A. It is a compact medieval city.
B. It has no squatter settlements.
C. It is a rink-sized city.
D. It contains much suburban sprawl.
E. Its highest rents are located in the outer ring.

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

(D) Los Angeles is a vast, mostly low-rise city that contains extensive areas of suburban sprawl. This does not, however, mean that Los Angeles has low population density. Many people are surprised to learn that, according to the US Census, the Los Angeles metropolitan area is the most densely populated in the United States.

Question 549

Question: 549

14. Which of the following terms describes national governments that are organized into geographically defined subunits, such as states or provinces?

A. Federalist
B. Territorial
C. Consolidated
D. Electoral
E. Republican

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

(A) Federalist systems of government are organized hierarchically into geographically defined subunits to which the national government delegates some power.

Question 550

Question: 550

15.

Which of the following best explains the above map of dominant religions by region in the United States?

A. Climate determines people's religious affiliations.
B. Different religions tend to take hold in rural rather than urban areas.
C. Different US states have different official religions.
D. Religious affiliation is related to historic patterns of immigration.
E. Republicans tend to be Protestant, whereas Democrats tend to be Catholic.

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

(D) The dominant religious affiliation in any region is usually a product of historic patterns of immigration. In the US Intermountain West, for example, the arrival of Mormons during the 19th century still profoundly shapes religious institutions and beliefs in the region.

Question 551

Question: 551

1. Canada is an example of which of the following?

A. A primate state
B. A multinational state
C. A prorupted state
D. A centrifugal state
E. A supranational state

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

(B) Canada is a multinational state because the province of Quebec contains a distinct history, language, and identity and has a long-established separatist movement.

Question 552

Question: 552

The sector model of urban geography above best fits which American city?

A. New York
B. San Francisco
C. Chicago
D. Honolulu
E. Miami Beach

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

(C) Chicago is a distinctive American city that has both concentric rings of increasingly recent development as one moves outward from the center and rail lines that act as spokes extending into these newer communities.

Question 553

Question: 553

In the aerial photograph above, the grid of rural north

A. The original surveyors must have made an error in laying out the roads.
B. Due to the curvature of the earth, north
C. Frontier geographies often contain such unusual local features.
D. These grid corrections are an example of relative-versus-absolute distance.
E. These grid corrections are an example of space-time convergence.

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

(B) Due to the curvature of the earth, north-south lines converge as they near the poles. This means that in regions with rectangular grid layouts and infrastructure, occasional "corrections" must be built into the grid.

Question 554

Question: 554

Which of the following is correct regarding the above distance decay function?

A. The friction of distance has little effect on connectivity.
B. Connectivity is related to the position of a central place.
C. Distance imposes a significant barrier to spatial interactions.
D. Relative distance acts independently of absolute distance.
E. Absolute decay and relative decay are different.

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

(C) This distance decay function suggests that distance poses a significant barrier to spatial interactions. The intensity of this barrier can vary due to many factors, such as infrastructure, migration history, and digital connectivity.

Question 555

Question: 555

5. Edge cities, such as Camarillo, California (pictured above), which is located about 50 miles east of Los Angeles, have which of the following qualities?

A. Low taxes
B. Export-processing zones
C. Commuter rail
D. Sprawling suburbs with varied amenities
E. Light traffic and clean air

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

(D) Edge cities, such as Camarillo, CA, have sprawling suburbs with varied amenities and are often located 25 to 100 miles from a major metropolitan core.

Question 556

Question: 556

6. Which of the following statements is false regarding edge cities?

A. The first true edge cities had appeared by the late 19th century.
B. Edge cities tend to be located near national borders.
C. Edge cities often have high-quality public transportation systems.
D. Edge cities serve many of the same functions as traditional cities, but many lack downtown cores.
E. Edge cities are often considered examples of sustainable urban design.

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

(A) Edge cities began to appear in the 1980s, not in the late 19th century.

Question 557

Question: 557

Opened in 1915, San Francisco's City Hall, pictured above, combines classical forms with modern industrial features. It is an example of which of the following?

A. Beaux Arts architecture
B. Gentrification
C. Postmodern architecture
D. Node planning
E. Urban revitalization

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

(A) San Francisco City Hall is a classic example of Beaux Arts architecture, which marries older, classical forms with newer, industrial ones. Beaux Arts planners designed wide thoroughfares, spacious parks, and civic monuments that stressed progress, freedom, and national unity.

Question 558

Question: 558

8. The area of the Middle East that extends from Egypt through Israel, Lebanon, Syria, and Iraq is known as which of the following?

A. The demilitarized zone
B. The green triangle
C. The Sahara Desert
D. Judea and Samaria
E. The Fertile Crescent

Correct Answer: E

Explanation:

(E) The Fertile Crescent, which spanned the Middle East from Egypt to Iraq, was one of the world's earliest centers of sedentary farming.

Question 559

Question: 559

9. Which of the following is incorrect of political boundaries?

A. They establish the limits of sovereignty.
B. They often indicate cultural, national, or economic divisions.
C. In the ocean, they are defined by rules established through the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.
D. They are rarely contested.
E. They usually contain well-defined nation-states.

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

(D) National boundaries are frequently contested due to their complex histories and geographies.

Question 560

Question: 560

10.

Which of the following statements probably best explains the data displayed in the map above?

A. Children who speak languages other than English at home are randomly distributed throughout the United States.
B. Children who speak languages other than English at home live mostly in rural areas.
C. States with smaller populations tend to have a greater proportion of children who speak languages other than English at home.
D. Most children speak languages other than English at home.
E. Children who speak languages other than English at home tend to live in states with large Latino populations.

Correct Answer: E

Explanation:

(E) Children who speak languages other than English at home tend to live in states with large Latino populations, as Spanish is the most frequently spoken language other than English in homes across this country.

Question 561

Question: 561

11.

The above map shows the world's most heavily trafficked international migration routes. Based on the data displayed in it, which of the following statements is probably true?

A. Migrants almost always move from south to north.
B. Migrants usually end up in conflict zones.
C. Most cross-border migrants travel from less-developed to more-developed countries.
D. Most migrants pass easily through international borders.
E. Most migrants end up back in their place of origin.

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

(C) The map above shows that most cross-border migrants travel from less-developed to more-developed countries, as push factors drive them from their homes and pull factors attract them to places with greater security, opportunities, and quality of life.

Question 562

Question: 562

12. Which of the following statements best describes the pattern in the above map showing the average ages of people by country?

A. Wealthier countries tend to have younger populations.
B. Wealthier countries tend to have older populations.
C. Poorer countries tend to have larger populations.
D. Landlocked countries tend to have older populations.
E. People living in protracted countries tend to live protracted lives.

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

(B) Wealthier countries in Europe, North America, and parts of East Asia, which have low death and fertility rates, tend to have older populations.

Question 563

Question: 563

13. Countries with large proportions of young people tend to be located

A. in landlocked areas.
B. in the Arctic.
C. in fertile agricultural regions.
D. in developing regions of Africa, Asia, and Latin America.
E. in the metropolitan core.

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

(D) Countries with large proportions of young people tend to be located in the fast-growing developing regions of Africa, Asia, and Latin America.

Question 564

Question: 564

14. Which of the following is the best predictor of the birth rate in a given country?

A. Gross Domestic Product
B. Demographic transition models
C. Pro-natalist policies
D. Immigration policies
E. Women's level of health, education, and empowerment

Correct Answer: E

Explanation:

(E) Women's level of health, education, and empowerment is the best predictor of the birth rate in a country. As women gain more of all three, they tend to pursue careers, have children later in life, and have fewer of them.

Question 565

Question: 565

15. The two maps above show the world's top 20 megacities, by population, in 2010 and then projected forward to 2100. Which of the following conclusions best describes the trends shown in these maps?

A. The world's largest megacities are becoming more geographically dispersed over time.
B. The world's largest megacities are becoming concentrated in developing countries.
C. Immigration from less-developed countries is fueling the growth of megacities in more-developed countries, causing them to surge ahead in population.
D. Growth of megacities in the 21st century is mainly a function of climate and distance to markets.
E. Due to their size, megacities tend to be stable over time.

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

(B) Over the 21st century, the world's largest megacities are projected to become more concentrated in rapidly growing developing countries.

Question 566

Question: 566

1. Which of the following statements will, according to projections, be true by 2100?

A. There will be no more megacities in North or South America.
B. The biggest cities in North and South America will all have declined in population.
C. Millions of former residents of northern megacities like New York and Tokyo will have relocated to southern megacities like Lagos and Manila.
D. Africa and South Asia will contain almost all of the world's megacities.
E. The megacities of Africa and South Asia will probably have developed similar patterns and appearances as big cities

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

(D) By 2100, Africa and South Asia are predicted to have almost all of the world's biggest megacities. Megacities will still exist elsewhere, but they will be eclipsed in population by these booming urban regions containing tens of millions of people.

Question 567

Question: 567

2. The emerging megacities in Africa and Asia face many challenges. Which of the following are not among these?

A. Building and maintaining adequate infrastructure
B. Fighting crime
C. Providing a clean and healthy environment
D. Controlling the cost of living
E. Protecting their populations from invading armies

Correct Answer: E

Explanation:

(E) Although many megacities in Africa and Asia have high rates of violent crime, they are in no danger of being invaded by outside forces.

Question 568

Question: 568

The two maps above depict population density at two geographic scales: the whole United States and the state of California. Based on this information, which of the following statements is incorrect?

A. The scale of a map can fundamentally alter the information and insights it conveys.
B. The population of California is distributed highly unevenly, with large numbers of people living in relatively small areas.
C. The states with the greatest population densities tend to contain large cities.
D. As the state with the largest population, most of California's land area is urbanized.
E. Maps that include larger areas tend to display fewer details.

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

(D) California is the US state with the largest population, having surpassed New York in 1962. Yet, California's population is concentrated in a few densely populated major metropolitan areas, with vast, thinly populated expanses in between. In addition to its human population, California also has the country's biggest agricultural economy and more area in protected nature reserves than any state except Alaska.

Question 569

Question: 569

Which of the following statements best explains the above figure showing manufacturing output and employment since 1947?

A. Manufacturing employment generally has kept pace with output since World War II.
B. Increases in efficiency have enabled output to continue growing since the 1970s, even as employment has declined.
C. Employment has undergone gradual changes, while output has been more volatile.
D. Since highly skilled manufacturing jobs cost firms relatively little, employment tends to remain consistent or grow over time.
E. Deindustrialization has led to declines in both output and employment since the 1970s.

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

(B) Increases in efficiency, including investments in technologies such as factory robots, have enabled output to continue growing since the 1970s even as employment has declined. Deindustrialization in the United States is thus more a story of a loss of jobs than it is a loss of industries or total productivity.

Question 570

Question: 570

5. In the United States, national political debates about federalism focus on topics like the environment and health care and often raise which of the following issues?

A. National sovereignty
B. Self-determination
C. States' rights
D. The heartland theory
E. Buffer states

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

(C) Federalism debates often raise the question of states' rights. Under the US Constitution, federal laws passed by Congress supersede those passed by the states. The federal government's authority to legislate is limited, however, to specific "enumerated" areas, whereas the states, which have a "general police power," may pass laws pertaining to almost any issue or topic.

Question 571

Question: 571

Which of the following terms best describes the boundary separating Papua New Guinea and Indonesia on the island of New Guinea, as pictured above?

A. Antecedent boundary
B. Fictitious boundary
C. Prorupted boundary
D. Superimposed boundary
E. Demilitarized boundary

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

(D) A superimposed boundary is one that does not reflect the complex social, cultural, or ecological landscape. It often comes in the form of a linear or other geometric boundary.

Question 572

Question: 572

7. The map above shows the 50 largest metropolitan statistical areas in the United States by population. Which of the following best defines these areas?

A. An area containing several smaller urban areas that act together as a whole
B. A geographical center of activity within a larger urban region
C. A leading city, often with a population disproportionately larger than other urban areas in the same country
D. A global center of culture, government, or finance
E. A city placed in a remote area to draw population for economic or symbolic reasons

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

(A) A metropolitan statistical area is a US Census Bureau designation that pertains to a region containing several smaller urban areas that act together as a whole.

Question 573

Question: 573

8. Based on the above map, which of the following is correct regarding the 50 largest US metropolitan statistical areas?

A. They are mostly located in the West.
B. They appear to be randomly distributed.
C. They have similar land-area sizes and shapes.
D. Most are located east of the Mississippi River.
E. Every state has one.

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

(D) Most of the 50 largest metropolitan statistical areas are located east of the Mississippi River, but some of the biggest-such as those centered on Houston, Dallas-Ft. Worth, Phoenix, San Francisco, and Los Angeles-are located west of the Mississippi.

Question 574

Question: 574

9. Which of the following terms refers to "the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, national origin, or income with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies"?

A. Self-determination
B. Environmental justice
C. Acculturation
D. Relative distance
E. A sense of place

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

(B) Environmental justice is "the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, national origin, or income with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies."

Question 575

Question: 575

10. Thomas Malthus introduced which of the following arguments?

A. Fertilizers and new technologies could greatly increase crop output.
B. The best way to feed a growing population is to conserve resources.
C. Americans waste more than 30 percent of the food they produce.
D. Population growth will outstrip food production, leading to "negative checks."
E. Geography is an interdisciplinary field that draws from four distinct traditions.

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

(D) Malthus argued that population growth, which increases geometrically, will outstrip food production, which increases only linearly, leading to famine, war, and other "negative checks" on the human population. He is believed to have underestimated the potential of technology to produce more food and the role of distribution systems, markets, and democratic decision-making to supply the food needs of diverse people.

Question 576

Question: 576

11. Which of the following describes a cultural tradition's center and place of origin?

A. Cultural center
B. Cultural complex
C. Cultural trait
D. Cultural hearth
E. Cultural genesis

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

(D) A cultural hearth is the place where a cultural tradition begins and from which it emanates outward.

Question 577

Question: 577

12. The Italian language varies significantly between Milan, Rome, Naples, and Palermo. Which of the following terms is used to describe these diverse ways of speaking and writing?

A. Pidgins
B. Lingua franca
C. Language groups
D. Dialects
E. Idioms

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

(D) A dialect is a local variation of a more widespread language.

Question 578

Question: 578

13. Which of the four population pyramids shown above has the greatest proportion of elderly residents?

A. Detroit, MI (a)
B. Naples, FL (b)
C. Honolulu, HI (c)
D. United States (d)
E. The proportion of elderly residents cannot be determined using population pyramids.

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

(B) Naples, FL, a community with a large number of retirees, has the highest proportion of elderly residents.

Question 579

Question: 579

14. Which of the four population pyramids depicts the community with the highest birth rate?

A. Detroit, MI (a)
B. Naples, FL (b)
C. Honolulu, HI (c)
D. United States (d)
E. Dependency ratios cannot be determined using population pyramids.

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

(A) Detroit, MI, has the largest proportion of young people and therefore the highest birth rate.

Question 580

Question: 580

15. Which of the four population pyramids depicts a community with a high proportion of residents divided into two distinct age cohorts?

A. Detroit, MI (a)
B. Naples, FL (b)
C. Honolulu, HI (c)
D. United States (d)
E. Age cohorts cannot be determined using population pyramids.

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

(C) Honolulu, HI, has large proportions of residents in the 20-50 and 60-80 age ranges.

Question 581

Question: 581

1. Since 1945, which of the following U.S. regions has seen the most population growth?

A. The Yellow Belt
B. The Rust Belt
C. The Shelterbelt
D. The Sunbelt
E. The Bible Belt

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

Answer: D

Since 1945, large numbers of people have moved to or been born in Sunbelt states from the Deep South to the Pacific Coast. Many of these newcomers previously had lived in industrial regions of the Northeast and Midwest.

Question 582

Question: 582

2. Swidden agriculture can be sustainable if

A. people stop doing it
B. fertilizer is used
C. fields are given substantial fallow time
D. fields are tilled with mechanical machinery
E. it is outlawed

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

Answer: C

When fields are given sufficient fallow time, their soils are able to recover, creating nutrient-rich soils and protecting biological diversity.

Question 583

Question: 583

3. The English language varies in its vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation among speakers in Atlanta, Sydney, London, and Mumbai. This is an example of which of the following?

A. Dialects
B. Local idioms
C. Accents
D. Lingua francas
E. Grammatical inconsistencies

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

Answer: A

A dialect is a form of a language often associated with a particular region.

Question 584

Question: 584

4. ____ was a hearth of domesticated agriculture.

A. The Horn of Africa
B. The Southern Cone
C. The Bermuda Triangle
D. The Fertile Crescent
E. The Straits of Gibraltar

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

Answer: D

The Fertile Crescent region, which once spanned from the Nile River Valley of Egypt east to Syria and Iran, was one of the hearths of sedentary, domesticated agriculture.

Question 585

Question: 585

5. Population pyramids that are slightly wider at the top than at the bottom are found mostly in which regions of the world?

A. Idiographic regions
B. Developing regions
C. Post-colonial regions
D. Highly developed regions
E. Peripheral regions

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

Answer: D

Since highly developed regions tend to have slow or no population growth, or even negative growth, these regions would have population pyramids that are slightly wider at the top, with greater proportions of elderly people than in faster-growing regions.

Question 586

Question: 586

6. Which of the following best describes transhumance?

A. Seasonal movement in pastoral societies
B. Shifting cultivation
C. Relocation diffusion
D. Population intercession
E. The emergence of local religions in developing countries

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

Answer: A

Transhumance refers to the movement of livestock from summer to winter ranges, in cultures where pastoralists are able to take advantage of seasonal changes in the availability of forage.

Question 587

Question: 587

7. Why did Pakistan relocate its capital of Karachi to Islamabad in the 1960s?

A. To be closer to the coast to facilitate international trade
B. To encourage growth in the country's interior
C. The United Nations mandated it, as Karachi was too violent
D. Karachi was too close to the border of Afghanistan
E. Karachi was politically divided, and the government wanted more unity in its capital city

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

Answer: B

Some countries, like Pakistan and Brazil, have chosen to move their capitals from populated coastal to more remote interior locations to encourage growth in what their leaders have seen as underdeveloped regions.

Question 588

Question: 588

8. Which of the following is a global religion?

A. Eastern Orthodoxy
B. Hinduism
C. Shamanism
D. Islam
E. Judaism

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

Answer: D

With an estimated 1.8 billion adherents in dozens of countries, Islam is one of the world's global religions.

Question 589

Question: 589

9. Which of the following is the BEST example of a tertiary economic activity?

A. Orange picking
B. Automobile manufacturing
C. Smartphone assembling
D. Dog grooming
E. Cattle ranching

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

Answer: D

Tertiary economic activities involve the exchange of goods produced in secondary activities. Retailing, restaurants, and any other basic service job猯ike dog grooming—occupy the tertiary sector of the economy.

Question 590

Question: 590

10. Thomas Malthus believed that

A. population would level out at about 12 billion people
B. wars and famines were a good thing
C. history repeats itself
D. industrialization would raise the world's human carrying capacity
E. population growth would outpace food supply

Correct Answer: E

Explanation:

Answer: E

Malthus believed that population growth would outpace food supply, because he thought that population grew geometrically, whereas food supply grew only arithmetically.

Question 591

Question: 591

11. Afghanistan, Nigeria, and Somalia are similar in that all three countries have

A. high net national products
B. high immigration rates
C. high fertility rates
D. high human development indexes
E. low net national happiness

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

Answer: C

Afghanistan, Nigeria, and Somalia are all developing countries with high fertility rates.

Question 592

Question: 592

12. With its system of regional estados, or states, Mexico is an example of which of the following?

A. A microstate
B. An electoral state
C. A reapportioned state
D. A federal state
E. A nation-state

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

Answer: D

Mexico's decentralized power structure makes it a federal state.

Question 593

Question: 593

13. When considered as a whole, this organization rivals the United States both in GDP and in number of exports and imports.

A. The United Arab Emirates
B. The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
C. The former Soviet Union
D. The African National Congress
E. The European Union

Correct Answer: E

Explanation:

Answer: E

The European Union is an economic powerhouse, rivaling the United States in the scale and diversity of its economy.

Question 594

Question: 594

14. Which of the following is the BEST example of a footloose industry?

A. Steel mills
B. Truck farming
C. Jewelry-making
D. Indigenous arts and crafts
E. Coffee growing

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

Answer: C

Jewelry-making is a footloose industry because its valuable, lightweight materials can be processed and assembled anywhere.

Question 595

Question: 595

15. Which of the following terms best describes many of Africa's national boundaries, which were drawn and imposed during the colonial era, and now fail to reflect cultural patterns?

A. Superimposed boundaries
B. Subsequent boundaries
C. Antecedent boundaries
D. Territorial boundaries
E. Geometric boundaries

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

Answer: A

Superimposed boundaries are drawn after a population has been settled in an area and do not pay much attention to the social, cultural, and ethnic compositions of the populations they divide.

Question 596

Question: 596

1. Which of the following best describes the countries of the former Yugoslavia, including Serbia and Montenegro, which split up and formed their own independent states after the end of the Cold War?

A. Protracted states
B. Failed states
C. Unionization
D. Domino theory
E. Balkanization

Correct Answer: E

Explanation:

Answer: E

Balkanization refers to the contentious political process by which a state may break up into smaller countries.

Question 597

Question: 597

2. What can play a key role in shaping local and regional geographies of a developing region's agriculture?

A. Regional climate
B. Cost of transportation
C. Soil fertility
D. Gentrification
E. Mechanization

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

Answer: B

In von Thunen's model, rents and transportation costs play key roles in shaping the local and regional geographies of agriculture.

Question 598

Question: 598

3. Many countries in developing regions are experiencing dramatic declines in their fertility rates. What is the main cause for this pattern?

A. Gender discrimination
B. Maternal mortality
C. Improved education, career opportunities, and healthcare for women
D. Male out-migration
E. Infectious diseases

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

Answer: C

Improved education, career opportunities, and healthcare for women all contribute to the dramatic decline in fertility rates in many countries in developing regions.

Question 599

Question: 599

4. After the dot-com bubble burst in early 2000, many software firms moved out of the San Francisco Bay Area to locations with cheaper real estate. This movement exemplifies which of the following processes?

A. Deglomeration
B. Agglomeration
C. Deindustrialization
D. Despeculation
E. Industrial diffusion

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

Answer: A

Deglomeration occurs when firms relocate from an agglomerated region—one with many firms in the same industry—to a new place with fewer such firms.

Question 600

Question: 600

5. John has 300 cattle grazing on 1,500 acres of land he owns in Colorado, and he sells his beef to a local food cooperative. John is engaging in

A. Extensive commercial agriculture
B. Truck farming
C. Swidden agriculture
D. Feedlot agriculture
E. Intensive commercial agriculture

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

Answer: A

Ranching is an agricultural activity that takes place over large expanses of land and, as such, is a good representative of an extensive commercial agricultural activity. Additionally, it does not require either large amounts of human labor or capital inputs.

Question 601

Question: 601

6. Which of the following is an example of an ethnic religion?

A. Pentecostalism
B. Hinduism
C. Buddhism
D. Baha'i
E. Animism

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

Answer: B

Ethnic religions, such as Hinduism, tend to appeal to smaller groups of people with a common heritage or to large groups of people with some common identity living in a single region. Hinduism is the largest of ethnic religions due mostly to its concentration in India.

Question 602

Question: 602

7. By placing component factories near facilities where finished products are assembled, Japanese firms that adhere to the philosophy of Kaizen are fostering what?

A. Centralization
B. Deglomeration
C. Agglomeration
D. Break-bulk processing
E. Reapportionment

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

Answer: C

An agglomeration effect occurs when many companies from the same industry cluster together in a relatively small area to draw from the same set of collective resources.

Question 603

Question: 603

8. The Canadian government has relinquished some powers to First Nations groups in areas such as the Nunavut Territory. Which of the following terms describes this delegation of government powers to a subnational jurisdiction?

A. Devolution
B. Revolution
C. Perforation
D. Proruption
E. Decolonialization

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

Answer: A

Devolution refers to the breakup of a state into its smaller constituents for any reason, including ethnic divisions, varying levels of economic development, external pressure, or other centrifugal forces.

Question 604

Question: 604

9. The introduction of hybrid seeds to developing regions during the Green Revolution led to food security issues in some areas, and decreases in crop species diversity. This is an example of which of the following?

A. Biogeographic diffusion
B. Contagious diffusion
C. Maladaptive diffusion
D. Expansion diffusion
E. Decomplementarity

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

Answer: C

Maladaptive diffusion occurs when ideas, practices, or technologies create novel problems in the new areas where they arrive.

Question 605

Question: 605

10. In which of the following world regions are you MOST likely to find polytheistic religions?

A. Scandinavia
B. The Middle East
C. Eastern Europe
D. Sub-Saharan Africa
E. Central Asia

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

Answer: D

Diverse local and ethnic polytheistic religions are common in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Question 606

Question: 606

11. According to which model of economic development do countries with free market economies follow a set of predetermined steps on the way to becoming fully industrialized and diversified?

A. Core-Periphery Model
B. Rostow's Stages of Development
C. World Systems Theory
D. Marxism
E. Heartland Theory

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

Answer: B

Rostow's Stages of Development imagines countries as proceeding through a common, preordained set of stages.

Question 607

Question: 607

12. This acronym describes the cartel founded in the 1960s by some of the world's major oil producing nations to control production and price of oil.

A. IAEA
B. NARWHAL
C. OPEC
D. NATO
E. EU

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

Answer: C

OPEC stands for the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries.

Question 608

Question: 608

13. Some U.S. citizens strongly oppose any programs or legislation that encourages bilingualism, even though the number of Spanish speakers continues to decrease. Which of the following terms could describe this resistance?

A. Ethnocentrism
B. Gross national product
C. Fundamentalism
D. Caste system
E. Ecunume

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

Answer: A

Ethnocentrism is the belief that other cultures should be evaluated based on the standards of one's own culture. It often manifests in a feeling of cultural superiority or a desire to exclude or marginalize people from different cultures.

Question 609

Question: 609

14. Which of the following statements applies to the Basques of France and Spain and the Kurds of the Middle East?

A. They speak pidgin languages.
B. They seek political autonomy.
C. They live in ghettos.
D. They face language extinction.
E. They fight against transculturation.

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

Answer: B

The Basques of France and Spain and the Kurds of the Middle East both seek increased political autonomy.

Question 610

Question: 610

15. Which of the following terms may describe situations in which the construction of hazardous waste storage and treatment facilities occurs disproportionately in areas with minority populations of low socioeconomic status?

A. Sectorization
B. Prejudice
C. Ghettoization
D. Environmental injustice
E. Segregation

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

Answer: D

Environmental injustices may occur when some groups of people lack the political power to meaningfully participate in decision-making processes that affect their health and environments, or when they lack access to environmental goods, like open space, or are disproportionately exposed to greater environmental risks.

Question 611

Question: 611

1. When Tuan Nguyen migrated from Vietnam to the United States in 1981, he started a restaurant that introduced the local residents near Columbus, Ohio, to Vietnamese food for the first time. Which of the following terms best describes this phenomenon?

A. Cross-cultural traits
B. Cultural literacy
C. Contagious diffusion
D. Relocation diffusion
E. Cultural complex

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

Answer: D

Relocation diffusion occurs when people migrate from one place to another, bringing with them cultural traditions from their previous homelands.

Question 612

Question: 612

2. In the Ozark Mountains of southern Missouri and northern Arkansas, you can still find numerous fiddlers that play traditional ballads in local taverns. Which of the following terms best describes this phenomenon?

A. Cultural hearth
B. Local religion
C. Polyglot
D. Cottage industry
E. Folk culture

Correct Answer: E

Explanation:

Answer: E

Folk culture refers to a constellation of cultural practices that form the sights, smells, sounds, and rituals of the traditional societies in which they develop.

Question 613

Question: 613

3. Agents of the British Empire often forced their colonial subjects to learn English. Which of the following terms best describes this effort?

A. Self-determination
B. Cultural imperialism
C. Rimland Theory
D. East/West divide
E. Law of the Sea

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

Answer: B

Cultural imperialism refers to a wide range of processes and projects by which the people from one culture or country seek to dominate those of another culture or country by imposing cultural practices on them.

Question 614

Question: 614

4. Which of the following trends is becoming popular in separatist movements across the globe as a way of producing cultural cohesion and strength?

A. Purchasing new isoglosses
B. Reviving minority languages
C. Increasing syncretism
D. Transculturation
E. Adoption of Esperanto

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

Answer: B

Minority languages are increasingly being revived as ways to assert cultural vitality and independence among minority and separatist groups.

Question 615

Question: 615

5. This world map displays which of the following projections?

A. Azimuthal
B. Robinson
C. Toblerian
D. Mercator
E. Indicator

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

Answer: D

The Mercator projection is easily recognizable because it distorts the lines of longitude, making them parallel instead of allowing them to intersect at the poles as they do on a globe.

Question 616

Question: 616

6. All flat maps distort one or more of four projection properties. Which of the following lists correctly identifies these properties?

A. Distance, area, shape, direction
B. Distance, compression, elongation, eruption
C. Length, width, height, depth
D. Curvature, linearity, acuteness, directness
E. Ellipticity, tilt, obliquity, angularity

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

Answer: A

All flat maps distort distance, area, shape, direction, or some combination of these four.

Question 617

Question: 617

7. Which of the following is correct regarding the map?

A. It distorts direction.
B. It distorts elongation.
C. It distorts curvature.
D. It distorts area.
E. It lacks distortions.

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

Answer: D

By forcing the lines of longitude to remain parallel, the Mercator projection distorts area, making seas and landmasses at high latitudes appear much larger, proportionally, than they actually are.

Question 618

Question: 618

8. Maps like this one often are criticized for which of the following?

A. Making landmasses in the middle and higher latitudes, including those in North America and Europe, look bigger than those in the lower latitudes
B. Making landmasses in the lower latitudes, including those in Africa and much of Latin America, look bigger than those in the middle and higher latitudes
C. Making Greenland look smaller than it actually is
D. Making Brazil look bigger than it actually is
E. Requiring too much space to print

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

Answer: A

Because the Mercator projection makes landmasses in the temperate and polar regions of the Northern Hemisphere appear so large, it is often criticized for portraying a Eurocentric view of the world.

Question 619

Question: 619

9. In the map of South America, which of the following is an "elongated" state?

A. Argentina
B. Colombia
C. Suriname
D. Uruguay
E. Chile

Correct Answer: E

Explanation:

Answer: E

At more than 2,600 miles long and just over 200 miles wide, Chile is a classic elongated state.

Question 620

Question: 620

10. In the map of South America, which of the following is a "compact" state?

A. Argentina
B. Colombia
C. Suriname
D. Uruguay
E. Chile

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

Answer: D

With a circular or square shape, Uruguay has a short perimeter for its area, making it compact.

Question 621

Question: 621

11. Elongated versus compact shapes present different opportunities and challenges for various countries. Which of the following may be a challenge for elongated states?

A. Their relatively long edges, compared to their areas, mean that they have longer borders to manage.
B. Their relatively short edges, compared to their areas, mean that they have shorter borders to manage.
C. They often have weak central governments.
D. They often lack access to coastlines with navigable waters.
E. They often have strong separatist movements.

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

Answer: A

Their relatively long edges, compared to their areas, mean that they have longer borders to manage.

Question 622

Question: 622

12. Elongated versus compact shapes present different opportunities and challenges for various countries. Which of the following may be an advantage for compact states?

A. Their relatively long edges, compared to their areas, mean that they have longer borders to manage.
B. Their relatively short edges, compared to their areas, mean that they have shorter borders to manage.
C. They often have weak central governments.
D. They often lack access to coastlines with navigable waters.
E. They often have strong separatist movements.

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

Answer: B

Their relatively short edges, compared to their areas, mean that they have shorter borders to manage.

Question 623

Question: 623

13. Which of the following is an example of an elongated state outside South America?

A. Thailand
B. Norway
C. Vietnam
D. Panama
E. All of the above

Correct Answer: E

Explanation:

Answer: E

All four of the countries have elongated shapes for all or part of their territories.

Question 624

Question: 624

14. Which of the following is an example of a compact state outside South America?

A. Russia
B. India
C. Japan
D. Panama
E. Zimbabwe

Correct Answer: E

Explanation:

Answer: E

With the exception of its western panhandle, Zimbabwe is a compact state with a short perimeter compared to its area.

Question 625

Question: 625

1. According to the map, in the United States, extensive agricultural activities, such as ranching, tend to occur where?

A. The Great Plains and Intermountain West
B. The Mid-Atlantic states
C. The Gulf Coast
D. New England
E. The Great Lakes region

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

Answer: A

In the United States, extensive agricultural activities, such as ranching, tend to occur in the arid and thinly populated regions of the Great Plains and Intermountain West.

Question 626

Question: 626

2. In the United States, intensive agricultural activities, such as truck and fruit farming, occur where?

A. Central California
B. The Dakotas
C. The Appalachian Mountains
D. The Great Basin
E. Alaska

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

Answer: A

Central California is the most productive area of intensive agriculture in the United States.

Question 627

Question: 627

3. In the United States' most productive agricultural state, California, industrial agriculture depends on which of the following?

A. Proximity to markets
B. Grain subsidies
C. An elaborate water storage and delivery infrastructure
D. Subsidies from Chinese corporations
E. Transhumance

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

Answer: C

In California's seasonally dry Mediterranean-style climate, intensive agriculture depends on an elaborate water storage and delivery infrastructure.

Question 628

Question: 628

4. Which of the following is a potential negative consequence of irrigating crops in arid regions?

A. Domestication
B. Mechanization
C. Salinization
D. Saltation
E. Transhumance

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

Answer: C

Salinization occurs when water evaporates from irrigated fields, leaving behind a salty residue that can diminish the productivity of the soil.

Question 629

Question: 629

5. Which of the following is correct regarding the spread of Islam, as depicted in the map?

A. It spread outward from its hearth in the Arabian Peninsula.
B. It reached the Arabian Peninsula already well-developed.
C. It remains limited mainly to the Middle East.
D. Other religions have disappeared in all of the areas to which Islam has spread.
E. None of the above

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

Answer: A

Islam spread outward from its hearth in the Arabian Peninsula.

Question 630

Question: 630

6. Islam expanded into new regions through which of the following processes?

A. Contagiousdiffusion
B. Fundamentalist diffusion
C. First byexpansion diffusion, then later by relocation diffusion
D. Acculturation
E. Ethnicdiffusion

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

Answer: C

Islam spread first by expansion diffusion, then later by relocation diffusion as adherentsmoved to new regions, bringing their beliefs and practices withthem.

Question 631

Question: 631

7. Which of the following best describes Islam?

A. A regional religion
B. A polytheistic religion
C. A cultural religion
D. A world religion
E. A Shamanistic religion

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

Answer: D

Islam is the second largest religion worldwide with over a billion adherents in dozens of countries.

Question 632

Question: 632

8. Which of the following is correct about global population, based on the figure?

A. Global population grew slowly from 1950 to 2000.
B. Global population more than doubled from 1950 to 2000.
C. From 1950 to 2050, global population is predicted to grow mainly in the "Core Countries."
D. From 1950 to 2050, global population is predicted to grow mainly in Latin America and China.
E. World population is predicted to level off at about 9 billion.

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

Answer: B

Global population more than doubled, from about 2.5 billion in 1950 to more than 6 billion by 2000.

Question 633

Question: 633

9. The "Core Countries" include which of the following?

A. India
B. Argentina
C. Thailand
D. Finland
E. Egypt

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

Answer: D

Finland is one of the world's most highly developed "Core Countries." Most of these countries are in North America, Europe, and East Asia.

Question 634

Question: 634

10. By 2150, the continent with the greatest total population will be which of the following?

A. Africa
B. Europe
C. Oceania
D. Asia
E. South America

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

Answer: D

By 2150, Asia, which includes China in the figure, will still be the continent with the greatest total population.

Question 635

Question: 635

11. Global population is predicted to level off by 2150 due to which of the following?

A. Negative Malthusian checks
B. Demographic transitions in developing countries
C. Out-migration
D. In-migration
E. Birth control

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

Answer: B

Barring other processes or events, such as severe effects from climate change, population geographers believe that demographic transitions in developing countries will cause global population to level off by 2150.

Question 636

Question: 636

12. By 2150, regions with declining populations will include which of the following?

A. China and the "Core Countries"
B. Africa and South Asia
C. Latin America
D. The "Peripheral Countries"
E. All of the above

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

Answer: A

By 2150, China and the "Core Countries" will have undergone demographic transitions, resulting in declining populations.

Question 637

Question: 637

13. Based on the map of major metropolitan regions in the United States, which of the following statements is correct?

A. Most Americans live near the Great Lakes.
B. Arizona has no major cities.
C. The United States plans to annex Montreal, Vancouver, and Tijuana.
D. The country's largest urbanized area is the Eastern Seaboard.
E. Major metropolitan areas are evenly distributed.

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

Answer: D

The country's largest urbanized area is the Eastern Seaboard. This region includes major cities such as Boston, New York, and Washington, DC.

Question 638

Question: 638

14. Which of the following best defines the term "megalopolis"?

A. An entire region that has become highly urbanized
B. A megacity
C. A world city
D. A central city
E. An edge city

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

Answer: A

A megalopolis is an entire region that has become highly urbanized.

Question 639

Question: 639

15. Based on the below map of major metropolitan regions in the United States, which of the following statements is mostly likely correct?

A. Most major metropolitan regions are near a coastline.
B. The upper Midwest is the country's fastest growing region.
C. North American cities tend to be located at high elevation.
D. The rank-size rule does not apply to the United States.
E. All large cities are located in major metropolitan regions.

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

Answer: A

Most major metropolitan regions in the United States are near a coastline.

Question 640

Question: 640

16. Based on the map of major metropolitan regions in the United States, which of the following statements is most likely NOT correct?

A. California is the country's least urbanized state.
B. Around 30 percent of Americans live in cities.
C. Around 50 percent of Americans live in cities.
D. Florida is one of the country's most rural states.
E. Canada's most populous urban areas are mostly within 200 miles of the U.S. border.

Correct Answer: E

Explanation:

Answer: E

Canada's most populous urban areas are mostly within 200 miles of the U.S. border.

Question 641

Question: 641

1. The existence of "Dutch Village" in Holland, Michigan, "Jaarsma (Dutch) Bakery" in Pella, Iowa, and "Dutch Roots Farm" in Ripon, California are all a result of

A. forced migration
B. religious conversions
C. relocation diffusion
D. colonial-era labor migrations
E. rural-to-urban migrations

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

Answer: C

Relocation diffusion occurs when a cultural group brings a particular trait to a new area and diffuses it to that local community. Dutch communities throughout the U.S. (that resulted from chain migration) brought with them certain Dutch traits such as tulips at the farm in Ripon and speculaas cookies at the bakery in Iowa.

Question 642

Question: 642

2. How would the pattern depicted on the map likely change, if the map showed national scale population density as opposed to density at the state level?

A. Typically as the scale of analysis increases in area, the level of detail decreases.
B. Typically as the scale of analysis increases in area, the level of detail also increases.
C. Typically level of detail only varies between local and global maps (not local vs. national).
D. The pattern on the map does not typically change with variation in the scale of analysis.
E. The pattern on the map only changes with a different projection choice.

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

Answer: A

The "scale of analysis" describes the unit at which a phenomenon can be investigated or analyzed. The smaller that unit (e.g., a state as opposed to a country), the greater the detail on the map (e.g., states depict different patterns within a country).

Question 643

Question: 643

3. The map of population density within Illinois is an example of which type of thematic map?

A. A cartogram
B. An image map
C. A proportional symbols map
D. An isoline map
E. A choropleth map

Correct Answer: E

Explanation:

Answer: E

Choropleth maps are a common strategy for displaying thematic data by visually showing variation in a particular quantity by shading or coloring different regions.

Question 644

Question: 644

4. Hong Kong is 22°17' north and 114°09' east. This is an expression of Hong Kong's

A. relative location
B. absolute location
C. relative direction
D. absolute direction
E. relative distance

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

Answer: B

Coordinates of latitude and longitude express absolute location, which identifies a place's location precisely and universally.

Question 645

Question: 645

5. While no longer in effect, China's one-child policy has led to which of the following demographic challenges?

A. Large-scale emigration to economically advanced countries
B. Mass rural-to-urban migration
C. Smaller total population in China
D. Immigration from less-developed countries to fulfill lower-level industrial jobs
E. An imbalance between males and females of marrying age

Correct Answer: E

Explanation:

Answer: E

China's traditionally patriarchal society favors males over females, which, combined with the one-child policy and the availability of sonograms, led to a much larger proportion of male births while the policy was in effect. This, in turn, has led to a huge current discrepancy between males and females of marrying age.

Question 646

Question: 646

6. When corporations choose to locate factories in less-developed countries (LDCs), they are typically seeking

A. a highly skilled workforce
B. increased governmental regulation on industry
C. least-cost industrial locations
D. proximity to raw materials
E. proximity to major transportation nodes

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

Answer: C

Less-developed countries offer much cheaper labor and more relaxed regulations, which makes them highly attractive to large corporations seeking to cut productions costs.

Question 647

Question: 647

7. The number of smaller, family-owned farms in North America have increased in recent decades largely as a result of

A. an increase in consumption of organic/locally produced food items
B. an increase in the costs of fuel, which presents prohibitive challenges to large-scale farming
C. an increase in the export of crops to less-developed countries (LDCs)
D. a large-scale switch to production of staple crops, such as corn and rice
E. a decrease in the amount of subsidies provided by the government to support agricultural production

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

Answer: A

In recent decades, many Americans have become more concerned about the quality and health of their food. This concern has led to an increase in demand for locally produced, organic farm products, which has led to greater opportunities for smaller farms that produce a wider variety of sustainably raised goods.

Question 648

Question: 648

8. In the former Yugoslavia, the forced expulsion and killing of specific cultural groups during the 1990s is an example of

A. insurgency
B. devolution
C. chain migration
D. ethnic cleansing
E. Balkanization

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

Answer: D

During the 1990s, minority groups in the former Yugoslavia were forced out of their communities, often at gunpoint. Resistance typically led to being killed. Ethnic cleansing describes the mass killing of a particular ethnic or cultural group.

Question 649

Question: 649

9. Newly industrialized countries (NICs) typically exhibit which of the following population characteristics?

A. Slow population growth with little migration between rural and urban areas
B. Zero population growth with little rural-to-urban migration
C. High population growth with rapid rural-to-urban migration
D. High population growth with little rural-to-urban growth
E. Stable population growth with a high percentage of the population residing in urban areas

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

Answer: C

In newly industrializing economies, countries are typically transitioning from stage 2 to stage 3 in the demographic transition model. A large (but decreasing) gap between birth and death rates indicates a rapidly growing population. And, with industry concentrating in urban areas, industrializing economies see a rapid internal shift in population from rural to urban areas.

Question 650

Question: 650

10. New York City and Chicago are roughly 800 miles apart in terms of absolute distance but are actually quite connected in terms of economics and culture. Which of the following is the best explanation for this connection?

A. The cities have similar transportation and communications infrastructure, which facilitates interaction.
B. Both cities have diverse populations, which leads to similar cultural experiences.
C. Both cities have high populations, which counteract distance in the gravity model.
D. Both cities have similar economic bases, which leads to higher trade between the two.
E. Both cities have sizable airports that allow for frequent arrivals/departures, facilitating travel between the two cities.

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

Answer: C

The Gravity Model predicts interaction between two places on the basis of the size of their population and the distance between them. Large populations (in the numerator) lessen the friction of distance between the two locations.

Question 651

Question: 651

11. What is most responsible for hierarchical diffusion, as opposed to contagious diffusion?

A. Distance-decay effects
B. Special network links between major nodes
C. Some people needing multiple contacts before they adopt an innovation
D. Proximity of the innovation to the varying degrees of diffusion
E. Relevance of particular innovations to only specific locations

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

Answer: B

Hierarchical diffusion describes the spread of an innovation through specific nodes, which are not usually located close together in space, but exhibit strong links to one another in a network. For example, fashion trends tend to diffuse hierarchically between major fashion nodes (e.g., Paris, London, Milan) before spreading contagiously to surrounding areas.

Question 652

Question: 652

12. Individuals, after experience with a place, form subjective images based on their perceptions of that place. This image is referred to as a

A. thematic map
B. reference map
C. mental map
D. contour map
E. topographic map

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

Answer: C

Mental maps are highly individualized personal images about a place, which are composed of subjective perceptions, memories, biases, and feelings. These perceptions and feelings can result from direct experience or from knowledge gained indirectly from various media outlets.

Question 653

Question: 653

13. What is the most likely explanation for why this map separates Catalonia from Spain's other provinces?

A. Catalonia is part of France, not part of Spain.
B. Catalonia is seeking independence from Spain, given its distinct cultural identity.
C. Catalonia is a microstate with internationally recognized sovereignty over its people.
D. Most Catalans are of Portuguese descent.
E. Most Catalans are of Arab descent.

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

Answer: B

The Catalans, who are currently under Spanish sovereignty, have sought political independence from the Spanish for over a century.

Question 654

Question: 654

14. Catalonia's separation from the rest of Spain represents which of the following?

A. A centrifugal force
B. A centripetal force
C. An ethnic enclave
D. Irredentism
E. Gerrymandering

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

Answer: A

Centrifugal forces are those that work toward separating a populace; devolutionary forces, such as those present in Spain, work to divide Spain's population.

Question 655

Question: 655

15. Which of the following best describes a "pull factor" that would cause rural family living in a least- developed country to leave their farm and migrate away from their home community?

A. Civil war or armed conflict in the rural countryside
B. Job opportunities in manufacturing in the country's urban area
C. Drought in the rural countryside
D. Lack of educational opportunity in the home community
E. Lack of healthcare in the home community

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

Answer: B

Pull factors are just as they sound: they pull an individual or family toward a destination. This is in contrast to push factors, which compel people to leave their home or community. Job opportunities (Option B) attract people to a destination, while all of the other options are factors related to rural, agricultural life that might push an individual or family away from that community.

Question 656

Question: 656

1. As the economies of industrialized countries continue to advance, agricultural production within these countries tends to follow which of the following patterns?

A. Farms are getting larger and are increasingly owned by just one entity (family or corporation).
B. Farms are getting larger and are increasingly government owned.
C. Farms are getting smaller and increasing the diversity of crops they produce.
D. Farms are getting smaller and are increasingly owned by farming cooperatives.
E. Farming is being completely eliminated in favor of importing agricultural goods from abroad.

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

Answer: A

As countries become increasingly economically advanced, agricultural production becomes increasingly mechanized. Production, in terms of volume, tends to increase as farms become more efficient through the use of machinery and other technologies. However, while volume increases, the number of farmers decrease as corporate entities take over farming, or as families expand their operations.

Question 657

Question: 657

2. The free movement of people and the elimination of customs inspections for automotive transportation and trains between EU member nations are a result of which of the following?

A. The removal of tariffs
B. The development of the Euro
C. Heartland Theory
D. Rimland Theory
E. Open border policies

Correct Answer: E

Explanation:

Answer: E

Open border policies among EU member nations have allowed for much freer movement of goods and people across European countries. These open border policies ease trade and tourism, thereby strengthening the EU economic system as a whole.

Question 658

Question: 658

3. When farms transition to large-scale, export-oriented agriculture, farm production typically transitions to

A. specialization in one commodity
B. specialization in a variety of seasonally variable foods
C. organic methods
D. intensive forms of labor
E. sustainable forms of pest/weed management

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

Answer: A

Large-scale commercial agriculture typically focuses on efficiently growing large volumes of just one type of food or other agricultural product, such as corn, soybeans, or wheat—products that are often, especially in the developing world, produced for export.

Question 659

Question: 659

4. In comparison to other models of urban structure, the sector model

A. incorporates a strong central business district (CBD)
B. suggests a concentric form of differing functions around an industrial core
C. portrays ethnic neighborhoods and areas of industrial concentration
D. displays a decentralized version of urban life
E. relies on an assumption that real estate value decreases with distance from the city center

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

Answer: C

Unlike other models of urban form, such as the multiple-nuclei model or concentric zone model, the sector model accounts for variation in the ethnic makeup of neighborhoods; immigrants often live in low-income housing, often along manufacturing or industrial areas.

Question 660

Question: 660

5. The image of the Over-the-Rhine neighborhood in Cincinnati, Ohio exhibits the efforts of many post-industrial cities in America's heartland to increase the livability of an old central business district. This process is referred to as

A. suburbanization
B. gentrification
C. redlining
D. smart growth
E. post-Modernism

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

Answer: B

Gentrification involves the revitalization of old industrial office buildings and warehouses into residential, commercial, and office spaces. These spaces often attract younger, urban professionals, and often coincide with revitalization efforts related to recreation and transportation.

Question 661

Question: 661

6. Which of the following post-industrial cities in the U.S. is likely to exhibit similar gentrification patterns to those that exist in Cincinnati?

A. Silicon Valley, CA
B. Pittsburgh, PA
C. Seaside, FL
D. Las Vegas, NV
E. Kalispell, MT

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

Answer: B

Industrial/manufacturing cities in the heart of the Midwest, such as Cincinnati, Pittsburgh, and Detroit, among many others, suffered when industry relocated to areas with cheaper labor (initially to the southern United States and then overseas). These abandoned, formerly industrial landscapes are increasingly seeing a revival with buildings restored for commercial and residential purposes.

Question 662

Question: 662

7. This area of Cincinnati is most likely inhabited by which of the following demographic cohorts?

A. Single, young college graduates
B. Retired baby boomers
C. Families with school-aged kids
D. Low-income families
E. High-income families

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

Answer: A

Gentrified landscapes such as Over-the-Rhine attract younger, urban, often single professionals. The housing is such that it does not typically support larger families and requires a stable, significant income. In fact, one of the arguments against gentrification is that is displaces low-income, often minority populations that previously lived in those areas.

Question 663

Question: 663

8. Which of the following events counts for change in crop yields for the specified countries on the map?

A. The Industrial Revolution
B. The Green Revolution
C. Seed domestication
D. The organic movement
E. The von Thunen model

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

Answer: B

During the Green Revolution, agricultural methods and technologies, such as genetically modified seeds, pesticides, and herbicides, were essentially exported from the developed world to the developing world in an effort to help those countries increase agricultural yields.

Question 664

Question: 664

9. Which of the following countries, not depicted on the map, also experienced dramatic crop yield changes because of the event the map illustrates?

A. Mexico
B. Canada
C. New Zealand
D. Iraq
E. Columbia

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

Answer: A

Mexico's crop yields expanded greatly as a result of agricultural innovations exported from developed countries, like its neighbor to the North, the United States.

Question 665

Question: 665

10. In spite of the risks of nuclear power generation in terms of proper waste disposal and potential nuclear accidents, some environmentalists are in favor of this technology because

A. construction of nuclear power plants is relatively inexpensive
B. nuclear waste storage solutions are becoming increasingly low risk
C. nuclear fuel is easy to access
D. of the lack of carbon emissions in nuclear power generation
E. nuclear power technology can be easily accessed across the globe

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

Answer: D

In spite of the risks associated with nuclear power generation, it does not emit carbon into the atmosphere, making it an appealing energy source for some environmentalists.

Question 666

Question: 666

11. Followers of animistic religions

A. believe that features in nature, such as animals, mountains, and trees, have spiritual value
B. believe in one god
C. believe in polytheism
D. do not believe in any sort of devine presence
E. do not believe in an afterlife

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

Answer: A

Animistic religions are based on items in nature holding spiritual value; they are common among Native American cultures and in various parts of sub-Saharan Africa.

Question 667

Question: 667

12. When suburbs grow to the extent that they contain a large array of employment, recreational, and commercial opportunities in addition to residential opportunities, they are termed

A. conurbations
B. edge cities
C. exurban areas
D. metropolitan areas
E. central cities

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

Answer: B

In the post-industrial era, many cities in the United States have suburbs that have evolved into self-sustaining cities where all of the amenities and opportunities typically offered by the central city can be found.

Question 668

Question: 668

13. When the cultural and political ideas of nationalism serve to unite a country's populace, nationalism can be classified as

A. a centrifugal force
B. a centripetal force
C. a pull factor
D. a push factor
E. a devolutionary force

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

Answer: B

Centripetal forces are those that serve to unite people in a country, typically under a common identity/sense of pride for their country. Nationalism becomes divisive, a centrifugal force, when a particular subset of a population uses nationalistic ideologies to create dissent, and to motivate separation from the larger governing body.

Question 669

Question: 669

14. Agricultural production in North America is difficult to classify as part of the primary economy. Why?

A. It is primarily controlled by large agribusinesses that encourage large-scale industrial production and investments in research and development.
B. It no longer happens primarily in a field but rather through high-tech methods such as hydroponics.
C. Because so little of the labor force is engaged in this economic activity, the category essentially no longer exists for the developed world.
D. It is still very much a primary economic activity with methods comparable to those evident in the developing world.
E. North America's soil is no longer suitable for agricultural production.

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

Answer: A

North American agricultural production is highly industrialized—that is, largely carried out by machines rather than humans. Further, in an effort to increase agricultural efficiency, firms dedicate significant funding to research and development of different tools (including seeds) and techniques to increase production.

Question 670

Question: 670

15. Immediately after independence, many developing countries adopted these types of economic strategies to limit dependence on former colonizers and/or highly developed economies:

A. neo-liberal (free trade) policies that encouraged involvement in the global economy
B. Bottom-Up initiatives that promoted local sustainable development through microfinance
C. regional economic alliances that promoted common currencies and easy movement of goods/people among member nations (similar to the EU)
D. industrial modernization through investments in technology
E. protectionist strategies that encouraged economic self-sufficiency through import substitution and barriers to international trade

Correct Answer: E

Explanation:

Answer: E

After independence, many developing countries sought to free themselves from the problematic economic relationships/dependencies established under colonial regimes. To do this, governments protected local producers and farmers by promoting domestic production of previously imported goods, and by limiting, through various means, international trade.

Question 671

Question: 671

1. Which of the following models of urban geography is represented by this figure?

A. Central place theory
B. Rank-size rule
C. Von Thunen's concentric ring theory
D. Sector model of urban development
E. Multiple-nuclei model of urban development

Correct Answer: E

Explanation:

Answer: E

The multiple-nuclei model applies to a city that lacks a strong central core, but instead has numerous nodes of business, cultural, and residential opportunities.

Question 672

Question: 672

2. The multi-nuclei model is often used to describe the spatial form of which of the following American cities?

A. New York City
B. Chicago
C. St. Louis
D. Los Angeles
E. Washington, D.C.

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

Answer: D

Los Angeles has a relatively small downtown business district but contains many independent nodes of high land value and vigorous business activity in cities such as Santa Monica, Hollywood, Westwood, and Pasadena.

Question 673

Question: 673

3. How does microcredit overcome some of the challenges related to employment opportunities for women in less-developed countries, particularly in South and Southeast Asia?

A. Microcredit is a form of feminization of labor seen within the Export Processing Zones in Southeast Asia.
B. Microcredit is the main avenue for union formation, which works to combat unfair labor conditions in South and Southeast Asia.
C. With microcredit, women have control over their own businesses and therefore set their own hours, wages, and working conditions.
D. With microcredit, women are able to pay for childcare while they work factory jobs in the EPZs.
E. Microcredit has not offered many distinct changes for female employment opportunities in South and Southeast Asia.

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

Answer: C

Microcredit has proven to be highly successful in parts of South and Southeast Asia as a means to encourage female empowerment and meaningful engagement in the formal economy. With small loans, women become entrepreneurs, helping their communities and families in working environments that they oversee.

Question 674

Question: 674

4. When irrigation is used in arid or semi-arid environments to increase agricultural productivity, the negative environmental ramification often results in

A. bromidification
B. salinization
C. desertification
D. alluviation
E. gentrification

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

Answer: B

Excess water from the irrigation process evaporates quickly in these hot environments, leaving a salty residue. This residue seeps into the soil, making it more acidic and less productive; the entire process is called salinization.

Question 675

Question: 675

5. How do patterns of urbanization in Europe differ from those in North America?

A. North American cities focus on tourism, while European cities are much more focused on industry.
B. European cities have a much stronger suburban fringe in comparison to North American cities.
C. In both regions, urban populations concentrate in urban cores with a decreasing portion of the population living in suburbs.
D. In European cities, housing is much denser with only a small percentage of families living in stand-alone housing.
E. European cities tend to follow the rank-size rule, while North America has mostly primate cities.

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

Answer: D

North American cities, particularly those in the United States, have strong suburban populations where houses tend to be stand-alone and located on larger lots, making them much more spread out than in cities in Europe.

Question 676

Question: 676

6. Current fertility rates in Europe exhibit which of the following trends?

A. In most countries, fertility rates are near or below replacement level.
B. In most countries, fertility rates are slightly above replacement level.
C. Fertility rates are highly variable across the region.
D. Fertility rates are higher in countries without significant immigrant populations.
E. Fertility rates are lower in European countries that are less economically developed.

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

Answer: A

Most European countries are in stage 4 (or even stage 5) of the demographic transition model. Birth rates and fertility rates are low (at or below replacement level) as women enter into the marriage decision later in life and as women participate actively in the formal economy.

Question 677

Question: 677

7. Reporters without Borders publishes a map of "Internet Enemies," which includes countries whose governments strictly control their populations' access to information. Which of the following countries would be included on that list?

A. Canada
B. Turkey
C. China
D. Venezuela
E. Poland

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

Answer: C

China's communist political regime limits the population's access to information through various means. One of the strategies is to censor what and how information is accessed on the Internet.

Question 678

Question: 678

8. Indonesia, with over 13,000 islands, is considered by political geographers to be

A. compact
B. elongated
C. fragmented
D. prorupted
E. autonomous

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

Answer: C

Geographers describe the shape of island countries separated by a water body or other feature as "fragmented." Fragmentation can be a challenge to political cohesion, especially when the physical separation coincides with different cultural or socioeconomic systems.

Question 679

Question: 679

9. Which of the following is the best example of a farmer practicing subsistence agriculture?

A. John, who operates a cattle feedlot in Colorado
B. Juanita, who operates a 1,000-acre soybean farm in Argentina
C. Bold, who operates a shrimp farm in Southeast China
D. Fatima, a nomadic camel herdsman in Libya
E. Julian, a strawberry farmer in San Luis Obispo, California

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

Answer: D

Transhumance, or nomadic pastoralism, is a sustainable form of subsistence agriculture found primarily in different pockets of Asia. Nomadic herdsman move animals seasonally and use the animals for a wide variety of products (milk, meat, dung, leather) to support their families or tribes.

Question 680

Question: 680

10. Deindustrialization in both North America and Europe was largely driven by

A. cheaper wages in areas/regions of lower economic development
B. relaxed environmental and labor regulations overseas
C. technology and automation replacing the need for human labor in certain industries
D. none of the above
E. all of the above (A–C)

Correct Answer: E

Explanation:

Answer: E

Patterns of deindustrialization are largely driven by economic forces; industrial activities concentrate in areas where goods can be produced at the least cost (e.g., cheaper labor, lack of costly regulations) with the greatest efficiency (e.g., automation).

Question 681

Question: 681

11. Poorer rural-to-urban migrants in Latin America are most likely to have residences or homes

A. in slums or squatter settlements
B. in single-family homes in the suburbs
C. in government-provided public housing projects
D. in high density urban apartments
E. in communal housing cooperatives

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

Answer: A

In Middle and South America, as depicted in the Ford Griffin Model of the Latin American City, poor urban inhabitants typically occupy areas on the outer fringes of the city, often in marginal landscapes. These migrants are searching for economic opportunity, often in the informal sector of the economy, and do not have the income to afford more established housing options.

Question 682

Question: 682

12. Tight-knit Jewish communities can be found in the United States, Argentina, Russia, parts of Eastern Europe, and other locations across the globe. What term describes the spatial spread of this group?

A. Ghetto
B. Ethnic enclave
C. Diaspora
D. Localization
E. Cultural cluster

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

Answer: C

Diaspora describes the spread of an ethnic group away from their established ancestral homeland. Often the movement is forced, but not always.

Question 683

Question: 683

13. During which phase in the demographic transition model would the fertility rate be at or below replacement level?

A. Phase 1
B. Phase 2
C. Phase 3
D. Phase 4
E. None of the phases depicted

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

Answer: D

Replacement fertility describes a stable population, where births are about the same as deaths. Phase 4 of demographic transition describes when a country's population growth pattern has achieved stability with low birth and low death rates.

Question 684

Question: 684

14. Referring to the demographic transition model, the country of Nigeria with a birth rate of 36 and a death rate of 16 would be in which stage of the model?

A. Phase 1
B. Phase 2
C. Phase 3
D. Phase 4
E. None of the phases depicted

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

Answer: B

The large gap between birth and death rates in Nigeria indicates a rapidly growing population, and given its comparatively high birth rate, Nigeria fits in Phase 2 of the model.

Question 685

Question: 685

15. Population growth in stage 4 countries is mostly attributed to ___________________ , whereas stage 2 countries typically grow as a result of ________________.

A. immigration…natural increase
B. natural increase…immigration
C. education…political incentives
D. religion…gender imbalance
E. pro-natalist policies…political turmoil

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

Answer: A

Most countries in the developed world are at or below replacement-level fertility, meaning that, if population growth is occurring, it is most likely occurring because of immigration. In developing countries where fertility levels are higher (but decreasing), growth is attributed to natural increase.

Question 686

Question: 686

1. What are the problems with using GNI (Gross National Income) to measure a country's wealth?

A. It does not account for wealth distribution within a country.
B. It does not account for social welfare (e.g., life expectancy, access to education, etc.).
C. It does not accurately reflect the purchasing power of currency within a country.
D. All of the above are problems with using GNI as an indicator of wealth.
E. None of the above are problems; GNI makes up for these shortcomings, which is why it's now more popular than GDP.

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

Answer: D

While Gross National Income (GNI) provides a strong indication of a country's level of wealth relative to the rest of the globe, it does not provide a full picture as it does not account for wealth distribution and access to resources within a country, which can be tremendously imbalanced.

Question 687

Question: 687

2. Demographic information from the U.S. Census affects the political process by

A. determining the amount of electoral votes given to each state
B. determining the amount of congressional delegates given to each state
C. determining the amount of aid given to various political jurisdictions
D. all of the above
E. none of the above

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

Answer: D

The U.S. Census provides information critical to the electoral process, since state populations determine the allocation of electoral votes and the number of representatives each receives in the House of Representatives. In addition, allocation of federal aid is often based on demographic data collected in the Census.

Question 688

Question: 688

3. A perceptual region's boundaries are

A. determined by a set of uniform physical or cultural characteristics across a particular area
B. drawn around the functions that occur between a particular place and the surrounding area
C. determined by the portion of a particular area that has been modified by human activities
D. fuzzy because they allow for individual interpretation
E. designated by the inclusion of a particular cultural characteristic

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

Answer: D

Perceptual regions are determined by commonly perceived characteristics of particular places on Earth's surface. Different individuals have different ideas about where these characteristics begin and end. Thus, the boundaries are necessarily fuzzy.

Question 689

Question: 689

4. Multinational corporations take advantage of geographic differences in

A. wage rates
B. labor laws
C. the distribution of natural resources
D. relaxed environmental standards
E. all of the above

Correct Answer: E

Explanation:

Answer: E

Multinational corporations, also known as transnational corporations, locate production facilities overseas to cut costs in the manufacturing process. The availability of cheap labor and more relaxed environmental and labor laws, along with greater access to natural resources, makes locating in these areas much more economically beneficial than locating in the country where the corporation is headquartered.

Question 690

Question: 690

5. A description of Paris as a place (rather than a space) would include

A. Paris's geographic coordinates
B. the position of Paris relative to the Seine River
C. the highways connecting Paris to the rest of France
D. Parisians' love for pain au chocolat (chocolate croissants)
E. Paris's location relative to London

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

Answer: D

The concept of space simply describes a place's location, either in absolute or relative terms (or both). Descriptions of place involve unique characteristics that are essential elements of that location's identity. Parisians' love for chocolate croissants is a unique attribute of that city (even though they're also thoroughly enjoyed by tourists!).

Question 691

Question: 691

6. Which of the following social trends has had the greatest impact on urbanization rates?

A. Industrialization
B. Deindustrialization
C. Urban planning
D. Zoning laws
E. Central place theory

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

Answer: A

With industrialization, jobs concentrate in cities. With this concentration in opportunity, and the services that rise to support industry, the population within a country shifts from rural areas to cities.

Question 692

Question: 692

7. Those who believe that the physical environment determines which cultures are going to be advanced and which cultures will remain with lower standards of living are called

A. possibilists
B. neo-Malthusians
C. environmental pacifists
D. environmental determinists
E. cultural imperialists

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

Answer: D

Environmental determinists believe that harsh environments, such as tropical rainforests, limit certain societies' ability to advance. On the flip side, moderate climates, such as the Mediterranean climate, produces highly productive, innovative societies (according to environmental determinists).

Question 693

Question: 693

8. If a citizen decided to write a letter to a local legislator, in which region would that letter have the highest likelihood of being read by a female?

A. Europe
B. Middle East
C. Sub-Saharan Africa
D. East Asia
E. North America

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

Answer: A

Europe, particularly countries in Northern Europe, demonstrate excellent rankings on the United Nation's Gender Development Index and Gender Empowerment Measure. Women are actively engaged in the formal economy and hold a substantial portion of government positons, particularly in comparison to women in the developing world.

Question 694

Question: 694

9. Angeline's mom immigrated to the U.S. (from the Netherlands) in the early 1950s by boat; the trip took several days. Her cousin immigrated by plane (also from the Netherlands) in the 1980s, and it took half a day. What phenomenon does the travel-time difference illustrate?

A. Relative location
B. Situation
C. Time-space convergence
D. Connectivity
E. Absolute location

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

Answer: C

Time-space convergence describes how the relative distance between places decreases as a result of improvements in transportation and communications technology. The U.S. became much "closer" to the Netherlands once air travel became more accessible.

Question 695

Question: 695

10. Which of the following events was an early form of globalization?

A. European colonization
B. The formation of NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement)
C. The invention of the Internet
D. The invention of the airplane
E. The invention of refrigeration

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

Answer: A

European colonization created a global network of exchange; typically raw materials flowed from the colonies to Europe, while manufactured goods flowed in the reverse. This same pattern exists in the modern era, but without official colonial rule. Raw materials typically flow from less-developed countries which have large markets for manufacturing/industrial products.

Question 696

Question: 696

11. When looking at labor force distribution on a global scale, which of the following patterns is generally true?

A. In highly developed (rich) countries, the labor force is evenly distributed across all economic sectors (primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary).
B. In least-developed countries, most laborers are in service-based industries (tertiary sector).
C. The world's wealthiest countries tend to have vast natural resources, thus their labor force is predominantly primary sector (agriculture and mining).
D. Developed countries tend to concentrate in the secondary sector, while less-developed countries concentrate in primary economic activities.
E. People in poor countries tend to concentrate in primary sector economic occupations, while the labor force in richer countries concentrates in service-based sectors (tertiary and quaternary).

Correct Answer: E

Explanation:

Answer: E

The least-developed countries (LDCs) have labor force concentrations in the primary sector of the economy (harvesting of raw materials), while industrial (secondary sector) activities tend to concentrate in developing economies. In highly developed regions, information-based and other services employ the largest sector of the labor force; these occupations typically require a higher-level education (and earn a greater income).

Question 697

Question: 697

12. Which of the following agricultural techniques is used to adapt to poor soil quality in rainforest regions, such as the Amazon River basin in Brazil?

A. Nomadism
B. Slash and burn
C. Drip irrigation
D. Composting
E. Hydroponics

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

Answer: B

Because rainforest soils lack nutrients, to make them agriculturally productive, farmers slash and burn existing vegetation, thereby releasing nutrients into the soil for limited period of time. Slash and burn can be sustainable provided cultivated landscapes are given enough time to regenerate.

Question 698

Question: 698

13. China's one child per couple population policy has had dramatic demographic ramifications. Which of the following demographic factors has NOT resulted from the implementation of this policy?

A. Significant imbalance between males and females
B. Loss of kinship systems (extended families)
C. Rapid rural-to-urban migration
D. Increased dependency on younger Chinese generations (as parents age)
E. Decreasing population of young people (narrowing population pyramid)

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

Answer: C

While China's population has shifted from rural interior provinces to coastal urban areas, this trend did not result from the one child per couple policy. The policy did, however, lead to dramatic shifts in China's population, including population decline, changes in family dynamics, and a significant imbalance between males and females.

Question 699

Question: 699

14. When mass media is used to promote consumption of a particular product, it's drawing on the power of

A. hierarchal diffusion
B. contagious diffusion
C. stimulus diffusion
D. channelized diffusion
E. relocation diffusion

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

Answer: B

Contagious diffusion describes trends (or other phenomena) that spread through direct exposure. Mass media, by continually bombarding individuals with advertisements for new trends, is relying on that high volume and widespread exposure to get people to buy certain products.

Question 700

Question: 700

15. Which of the following is the BEST description of "sustainable development"?

A. Promotion of development strategies that encourage growth primarily in ecologically sustainable industries
B. Promotion of development strategies that will sustain economic growth in the long-term rather than the short-term
C. Promotion of development strategies that focus primarily on reaching and sustaining a replacement (or lower) fertility rate
D. Promotion of development strategies that improve current living standards without jeopardizing those of future generations
E. Promotion of development strategies that focus on integrating countries into the global economy, making countries more economically sustainable

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

Answer: D

Sustainable development initiatives focus on strategies that do not limit future generations' access to resources or their access to reasonable and healthy standards of living.

Question 701

Question: 701

16. Which of the following would NOT likely be a consideration in factory or retail location choice?

A. Cost of water
B. Cost of shipping
C. Taxes
D. Cost of labor
E. Government regulations

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

Answer: A

Cost of water will be about the same regardless of location, whereas the other factors definitely show variation over distance.

Question 702

Question: 702

1. Human geography is defined as the study of

A. human interactions with the physical environment.
B. human interactions with the cultural environment.
C. human interactions with the physical and cultural environments.
D. human interactions within the natural landscape.
E. human interactions within the physical landscape.

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

C—Human geography is concerned with both the physical and cultural environments and how humans function and interact with them. Choices A, D, and E exclude the cultural environment. Choice B excludes the physical environment.

Question 703

Question: 703

2. Cities developed 4000 to 6000 years ago to provide a center for all of the following functions EXCEPT

A. religion.
B. trade.
C. protection.
D. production.
E. scientific study.

Correct Answer: E

Explanation:

E—Scientific study was not a reason for the earliest cities that evolved 4000 to 6000 years ago in culture hearths where sedentary agriculture began to be practiced. They served as centers for religious worship (A), trade and commerce (B), military activities and protection (C), and for the production of commodities requiring additional workers and inputs (D).

Question 704

Question: 704

3. Which one of the following individuals is engaged in a secondary economic activity?

A. A computer programmer
B. A city clerk
C. The CEO of General Motors
D. An aspirin production worker
E. A farmer

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

D—Aspirin production workers labor in manufacturing, which is a part of the value-added secondary economic sector. Computer programmers (A) and government workers (B) are employed in the quaternary sector of the economy. High-level decision makers (C) comprise the quinary sector, and farming (E) and all agricultural activities are primary.

Question 705

Question: 705

4. Which of the following best describes the likely impact of a large, young, single migrant population on its destination country?

A. An increase in the aging population
B. An increase in births
C. A general increase in death rates
D. A decline in the carrying capacity of the host country
E. An excess of deaths over births

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

B—A general increase in births in the destination country is the most likely result of an influx of young migrants. Increases in the aging cohorts (A) will not occur for some time. The death rate (C) would be expected to decline—rather than rise—as a result of an influx of young migrants. The host country's carrying capacity, or the number of people an area can sustainably support, will not change. An excess of deaths over births (E) would not be expected to be a result of an influx of a large young migrant population.

Question 706

Question: 706

5. All of the following factors directly influence the birth rate of a country EXCEPT

A. government population policies.
B. the customs and family size expectations of its residents.
C. the age composition of its population.
D. government economic policies.
E. the sex composition of its inhabitants.

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

D—The birth rate of a country is greatly and directly influenced by the population policies implemented by its government (A), by the customs and family size expectations of its population (B), and by the age and sex composition of its inhabitants (C and E). The economic policies (D) of its government have only a very indirect and variable influence on the country's birth rate.

Question 707

Question: 707

6. "Singapore is located on an island at the northwestern end of the Straits of Malacca adjacent to the Malay Peninsula." This statement is a description of Singapore's

A. site.
B. situation.
C. absolute location.
D. function.
E. geological history.

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

B—Situation is the relative location of a place in relation to neighboring places. Site (A) is the absolute location of a place and is usually described in physical terms using water bodies, mountains, plains, etc. Absolute location (C) is another term meaning "site." Function (D) in human geography refers to the purpose of a region or place in relation to another region or place. Geological history (E) refers to the scientific study of the Earth's history from its beginning up until now.

Question 708

Question: 708

7. Which one of the following is not usually a reason why people move from rural areas to urban areas?

A. Jobs
B. Better healthcare
C. Schools
D. Safer environment
E. Cultural and social reasons

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

D—Most people do not move from rural areas into cities to seek a safer environment in which to raise their families or live. Urban crime rates exceed rural crime rates globally; people are aware of this and base their decisions accordingly. Potential employment opportunities (A) are the hope of most rural-to-urban migrants, but while jobs used to be more available in most cities, this is increasingly not always true. Better healthcare (B), generally available in urban areas, and the potential for a better education (C) are reasons why many migrants seek city life for their families. In some cultures, such as the Latin American culture, social and cultural traditions favor life in an urban environment over a rural one.

Question 709

Question: 709

8. The demographic transition model

A. assumes high birth and death rates will gradually be replaced by low rates over time.
B. traces changes in fertility and mortality associated with agricultural progress.
C. consists of six stages.
D. was developed by Thomas Malthus.
E. traces the relationship between population growth and social development.

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

A—A basic assumption of this model says high birth and death rates will drop to lower levels over time as the country develops economically. It traces changes in fertility and mortality that occur as industrialization (not agricultural development) takes place (B). Thus it shows how population growth and economic development (not social development) are linked (E). Thomas Malthus's Essay on the Principles of Population states the world's population is growing faster than the food supply (D); his predictions did not take into account the declining birth rates of the demographic transition model. The demographic transition model has four stages (not six), with some demographers adding a fifth stage to show a continuing drop in the crude birth rate (CBR) seen in the aging populations of wealthier countries (E).

Question 710

Question: 710

9. The belief that our physical environment is the chief factor influencing human thoughts, behaviors, and actions is called

A. environmental perception.
B. possibilism.
C. environmental determinism.
D. environmentalism.
E. a culture system.

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

C—Environmental determinism is the belief that our environment influences and controls our actions, lifestyle, and culture. Environmental perception (A) is the theory that people of different cultures look at their environments in different ways. Possibilism (B) is the theory that humans have a choice in how they think, act, and live within a range of available possibilities given to them by their physical environment. Environmentalism (D) is the movement to preserve and protect the physical environment from pollution and misuse by humans. A culture system (E) is a group of culture complexes that form the common identity of a group.

Question 711

Question: 711

10. The country with the largest territory is

A. United States.
B. Brazil.
C. China.
D. Australia.
E. Russia.

Correct Answer: E

Explanation:

E—Russia is the largest country in terms of territory (6,591,027 square miles). Canada is the second-largest country in the world in land area. The United States (A) is third largest. China is fourth (C), Brazil fifth (B), and Australia the sixth largest (D).

Question 712

Question: 712

11. Population pressure on an agricultural land is typically expressed as the

A. crude density.
B. arithmetic density.
C. physiological density.
D. rate of natural increase.
E. population density.

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

C—Physiological density is total population divided by arable land (area in a country that can be farmed). Crude density (A), arithmetic density (B), and population density (E) all refer to the number of people per unit of land. The rate of natural increase (D) is the birth rate minus the death rate for a population in a year's time.

Question 713

Question: 713

12. Land in the CBD of a city is more expensive because it

A. has maximum interaction potential.
B. is more attractive.
C. has a better sense of place.
D. provides a better quality of life.
E. encompasses a larger area.

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

A—Land in the CBD (central business district) of a city is very expensive (receives the highest bid rent) because it is the hub of the mass transit lines and is the center of the economic and social functions of the city. All public transportation routes lead to it, giving it the highest accessibility and maximum interaction potential.

Question 714

Question: 714

13. A political state whose territory is the same as the area occupied by people sharing a common heritage and value system is best described as a

A. state.
B. country.
C. nation.
D. political state.
E. nation-state.

Correct Answer: E

Explanation:

E—A nation-state is a state or political territory with only one nation of people within its borders. Iceland and Japan are examples of nation-states because, for the most part, they contain a single nation and are homogenous. A state (A) is a political entity that occupies a definite territory with borders and full sovereignty. The United States and Thailand are examples of states. A country (B) is synonymous with a state. A nation (C) is a group of people with a common culture and history who occupy an area. A political state (D) is another term for a state.

Question 715

Question: 715

14. Most scientists agree that the Egyptian pyramids and the Mayan temple pyramids were most likely caused by the process of

A. relocation diffusion.
B. stimulus diffusion.
C. contagious diffusion.
D. hierarchical diffusion.
E. independent invention.

Correct Answer: E

Explanation:

E—While some believe there was a pre-Columbian transfer of knowledge to the Americas, the majority of scientists and anthropologists believe the Egyptian pyramids and the Mayan temple pyramids were developed independently and not by diffusion of ideas. The other answer choices describe different types of diffusion of ideas.

Question 716

Question: 716

15. The movement of people from Nigeria, Cameroon, Togo, and Gabon to the Americas in the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries is an example of

A. chain migration.
B. circular migration.
C. cluster migration.
D. forced migration.
E. voluntary migration.

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

D—Forced migration is the involuntary historic movement of people who have no decision-making involvement in the process. Between 1519 and 1867 nearly 11 million African slaves were brought to the Americas from the countries of West Africa. The other answer choices are all forms of voluntary migration in which the immigrant makes the decision to move; most migrations are voluntary.

Question 717

Question: 717

1. A piece of land surrounded by a foreign territory would be viewed by the foreign territory as

A. an enclave.
B. an exclave.
C. a colony.
D. an edge city.
E. a unitary state.

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

A—The country that surrounds another country would view the enclosed country as an enclave. Examples include the Vatican City, an enclave in Italy. An exclave (B) is a part of one country that is separated from the main part. Alaska is an exclave of the United States. A colony (C) is a territory under the control of another political state. An edge city (D) is a new urban complex outside the city center that consists of a large node of office buildings and commercial operations with more workers than residents. A unitary state (E) is a country with a strong central government, such as France.

Question 718

Question: 718

2. The carrying capacity of land

A. directly correlates with conditions of life there.
B. is high in many Sub-Saharan African countries.
C. is the number of people a piece of land can support in a sustainable fashion.
D. is related to social development.
E. is high in traditional slash-and-burn societies.

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

C—The carrying capacity of land is the number of inhabitants an area of land can sustainably support given the prevailing technology. It has no direct correlation to living conditions (A) or social development (D), but is related to the level of economic development. Generally, developing countries (B) and traditional societies (E) have low carrying capacities.

Question 719

Question: 719

3. The Indus Valley, Egypt, West Africa, and Mesopotamia are a few examples of

A. culture basins.
B. cultural convergences.
C. culture hearths.
D. culture complexes.
E. cultural divergence.

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

C—Culture hearths such as the Indus River Valley of Pakistan, the Nile River Valley of Egypt, West Africa, and Mesopotamia were birthplaces of major cultures. Culture basins (A) are basins or repositories of culture. Cultural convergence (B) refers to the tendency for cultures to become more alike as they share technologies. A culture complex (D) is a set of traits or practices that revolves around a basic activity in a culture, such as food preparation. Cultural divergence (E) is the trend for two cultures to become more different over time.

Question 720

Question: 720

4. The most rapidly growing minority group in the United States is

A. Asian.
B. Hispanic.
C. Native American.
D. Black or African American.
E. European.

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

B—The Hispanic minority group is the fastest growing minority in the United States today. Over 50 percent of US population growth since 2000 has been due to Hispanics, and the majority of that growth is based on higher birth rates, not immigration.

Question 721

Question: 721

5. Using the rank-size rule, if Wood County's largest city has 200,000 residents, how many people live in Wood County's fourth-largest city?

A. 75,000
B. 100,000
C. 50,000
D. 25,000
E. 10,000

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

C—Using the rank size rule, the fourth-largest city will be one-fourth the size of the largest city; therefore, 200,000 × ? = 50,000.

Question 722

Question: 722

6. The Earth's surface as modified by humans is called

A. folk culture.
B. the carrying capacity.
C. environmental determinism.
D. the cultural landscape.
E. the physical environment.

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

D—The cultural landscape is also called the "built environment" and visibly displays human interaction with the environment. Folk culture (A) refers to the collection of culture traits of traditional societies, such as the Old Order Amish or the Hutterites. Carrying capacity (B) is the number of people a piece of land can sustainably support without ecological damage. Environmental determinism (C) is the belief that our environment influences and controls our actions, lifestyle, and culture. The physical environment (E) is the sum of everything around us in the natural world.

Question 723

Question: 723

7. Which of the following statements correctly describes migrants today?

A. They represent an accurate cross-section of their home country.
B. They represent an accurate cross-section of their destination country.
C. They include an equal number of males and females.
D. They include an equal representation from each age group.
E. They are usually young singles.

Correct Answer: E

Explanation:

E—Current research shows a majority of migrants today are young singles with the sex varying by individual case. Migrants rarely represent an accurate or representative slice of either the country they leave (A) or the country to which they are migrating (B). Migrants contribute to both the age (D) and sex (C) of their destination country in an unbalanced and irregular way.

Question 724

Question: 724

8. Which one of the following statements does NOT correctly describe global urbanization?

A. The percentage of people living in cities is growing.
B. Cities are growing in size.
C. Most of the world's population will soon live in cities.
D. Most urban growth will occur in LDCs.
E. Severe environmental destruction is inevitable due to urban growth.

Correct Answer: E

Explanation:

E—The threat of severe environmental destruction caused by increasing urban populations has been overestimated by the gloomy UN prediction that megacities would bring catastrophic conditions on the Earth by the year 2015. The other choices correctly describe global urbanization.

Question 725

Question: 725

9. An economy in which goods and services are usually produced for internal consumption only is called a

A. free market economy.
B. commercial economy.
C. planned economy.
D. command economy.
E. subsistence economy.

Correct Answer: E

Explanation:

E—Subsistence economies usually produce only enough for their population to consume with little left over to trade. Free market (A) and commercial (B) economies both refer to an economic system based on supply and demand. Planned (C) and command (D) economies both refer to an economy in which the central government makes most of the production and supply decisions.

Question 726

Question: 726

10. Which one of the following does NOT correctly associate a religion with its place of worship?

A. Shinto—shrines
B. Islam—mosques
C. Buddhism—pyramids
D. Judaism—temples
E. Christians—churches

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

C—Buddhists do not use pyramids in their religion but instead make use of temple pagodas and shrines to various gods, especially Buddha, "the Enlightened One." They also worship at the bo (bodhi) tree. Those who practice Shinto (A) are basically animists and worship their ancestors at shrines. Muslims (B) worship in mosques, and Jews (D) worship in temples. Christians (E) of all denominations and branches worship in churches.

Question 727

Question: 727

11. Population pyramids visually depict

A. a population's age and economic composition.
B. a country's dependency ratio.
C. the ethnic composition of a population.
D. a country's population density.
E. the carrying capacity and overcrowding in a country.

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

B—The dependency ratio is the measure of the number of economic dependents, old and young, that each 100 people in their productive years must support. The population pyramid represents a population's age and sex composition but not its economic composition (A). It does not show the ethnic composition (C), population density (D), or carrying capacity (E). The carrying capacity of a country refers to the relationship between the number of residents and the area they occupy.

Question 728

Question: 728

12. The French language, how to weave a basket, and the belief in ancestral spirits are all examples of

A. mentifacts.
B. artifacts.
C. culture hearths.
D. culture traits.
E. dialects.

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

D—Culture traits are things that are learned by people of a certain culture. The French learn to speak French, members of certain culture groups learn to weave baskets, and some culture groups share a belief in ancestral spirits. Mentifacts (A) are the main categories of culture's values and beliefs, such as religion, language, folklore, etc. Artifacts (B) are material parts of a culture, such as houses, clothing, tools, etc. A culture hearth (C) is a location where a distinct and advanced culture originated, such as the Indus River Valley or the Nile River Valley. Dialects (E) are variations of a language such as the pronunciation of the word "started." New Englanders pronounce it as "stahted" and Southerners say "stot."

Question 729

Question: 729

13. The practice of judging other cultures against the standards of one's own culture is called

A. ethnicity.
B. assimilation.
C. ethnocentrism.
D. acculturation.
E. egocentrism.

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

C—Ethnocentrism is the practice of judging other cultures by the standards of one's own culture. Ethnicity (A) is identity in a group of people with common ancestry and culture. Assimilation (B) is the process in which people lose cultural traits as they acquire new ones from a host culture. Acculturation (D) refers to the process of adopting new cultural traits while retaining one's own cultural identity and traits. Egocentrism (E) is the view that you are the most important person in your world.

Question 730

Question: 730

14. Renewable fuels derived from biological materials that can be recycled are called

A. renewable resources.
B. fossil fuels.
C. agricultural fuels.
D. biofuels.
E. farm products.

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

D—Biofuels like ethanol and methanol are made from biological materials that can be reproduced. Renewable resources (A) are natural resources that can be replenished. Fossil fuels (B) are fuels made from coal and petroleum—both nonrenewable resources since they require thousands of years to be created naturally from decaying organic matter. Agricultural fuels (C) are fuels like gasoline and diesel used to run farm machinery. Farm products (E) are any goods grown or produced on a farm.

Question 731

Question: 731

15. Since 1860, death rates in Europe have declined due to all the following factors EXCEPT

A. improved sanitation.
B. cleaner water supplies.
C. epidemics becoming less frequent and far-reaching.
D. a lack of warfare.
E. improved nutrition and increased food supply.

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

D—There has been no lack of warfare in Europe since 1860—two world wars and several revolutions and and a number of regional armed conflicts have ensued! After 1860, improved sanitation (A) and cleaner drinking water (B) became common in Europe's larger cities. People developed partial immunity to diseases once deadly and widespread in Europe (C). Improvements in the agricultural sector coupled with new food crops, such as the potato, stretched food supplies and increased the overall health of the population (E).

Question 732

Question: 732

1. All of the following factors play a role in the economic actions of humans EXCEPT

A. physical environment.
B. linguistic background.
C. political decisions.
D. technological development.
E. market conditions.

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

B—While some cultural traits such as religious beliefs or food preferences determine production decisions, language does not. The physical environment (A) controls economic activity by limiting the type and availability of natural resources at a population's disposal. A government's decisions (C) to encourage (through tariffs and subsidies) or discourage economic activities (by limiting production, for example) greatly influence economic activities. The technology (D) available to a society also guides economic activities of a population. Market conditions of supply and demand (E), whether in a free market or government-controlled economy, strongly influence economic production.

Question 733

Question: 733

2. Which one of the following is an example of a formal region?

A. The US Corn Belt
B. Northwest Airlines
C. Dixie
D. Retailing region of Chicago
E. The Midwest

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

A—A formal or uniform region is one that is consistent in one physical or cultural characteristic, such as production of corn. Northwest Airlines (B) and the retailing district of Chicago (D) are functional, or nodal, regions of interdependency and have a core and a periphery. Dixie (C) and the Midwest (E) are vernacular, or perceptual, regions based on the way people perceive or feel about them.

Question 734

Question: 734

3. Which type of land use would you expect to find along high-volume mass transit lines?

A. Big box retail stores
B. High-density apartment complexes
C. Skyscraper office complexes
D. A scrap yard
E. An industrial plant

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

B—High-density apartment complexes, along with retailing centers, malls, and light industries are typically located along high-volume transportation routes. Big box retail stores like Target and Walmart (A) are usually located on the outskirts of the city in suburban areas along major highway transportation corridors. Skyscraper office complexes (C) and major hotels are usually located in the fringes of the CBD. A scrap yard (D) would probably be found beside a railroad or other cargo route. An industrial plant (E) would probably be located near a waterfront, railroad, or other cargo route for easy shipment of both raw materials and finished products.

Question 735

Question: 735

4. Which of the following is NOT an example of a compact state?

A. Uruguay
B. Thailand
C. Laos
D. Zimbabwe
E. Poland

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

B—Thailand is a good example of a prorupt state, or one which is mainly compact but has a long, narrow extension or peninsula. Uruguay (A), Laos (C), Zimbabwe (D), and Poland (E) are all compact states—states with a rounded, or circular, shape.

Question 736

Question: 736

5. The use of seed agriculture, the plow, and draft animals started the

A. First Agricultural Revolution.
B. Second Agricultural Revolution.
C. Third Agricultural Revolution.
D. Fourth Agricultural Revolution.
E. Green Revolution.

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

A—The use of seed agriculture, the plow, and draft animals allowed humans to greatly expand food production, and these innovations occurred during the First Agricultural Revolution. Each of the succeeding agricultural revolutions (B, C, D, and E) was marked by improved methods and factors that led to increased food supplies.

Question 737

Question: 737

6. Which one of the following does NOT correctly associate a province of Canada with a large immigrant population concentration?

A. British Columbia—Chinese
B. Quebec—French
C. Ontario—British
D. Nova Scotia—Italian
E. Saskatchewan—Ukraine

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

D—Nova Scotia is largely populated by immigrants of British descent, and the overwhelming majority of new immigrants to the province are from the United Kingdom. The other answer choices are all correct in associating the province with a large ethnic immigrant population living in the province.

Question 738

Question: 738

7. Which statement below most accurately describes the relationship depicted in the figure below?

A. One unit on the Earth's surface equals 24,000 units on the map.
B. One unit on the map equals 24,000 units on the Earth's surface.
C. One mile equals 7000 feet on the map.
D. One mile equals 24,000 units on the map.
E. One mile equals 24,000 units on the Earth's surface.

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

B—The representative fraction given at the top of the diagram tells us that 24,000 units on the Earth's surface are represented by one unit on the map. In other words, 24,000 feet on the Earth's surface would be one foot on the map. The other answer choices all incorrectly interpret the relationship depicted in the diagram.

Question 739

Question: 739

8. Using von Thünen's model of rural land use, which of the following agricultural products would be produced farthest from an urban market?

A. Fruits
B. Butter and eggs
C. Corn for cattle feed
D. Vegetables
E. Wool

Correct Answer: E

Explanation:

E—Wool would be raised farthest from an urban market since sheep ranching requires lots of grazing land but has lower transportation costs than dairying (B), corn farming (C), or raising more perishable crops such as fruits and vegetables (A and D).

Question 740

Question: 740

9. National anthems, flags, and holidays are all symbols that promote

A. irredentism.
B. nationalism.
C. supranationalism.
D. regionalism.
E. war.

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

B—Nationalism is a strong identification with one's country and what it stands for. National anthems, flags, national holidays, memorials, and even national sports teams all cement one's loyalty to a sovereign state and are strong centripetal forces in a country. Irredentism (A) is the claim by a country's government that an ethnic minority living in another country belongs to the homeland country. Strong irredentist unrest led to a war when Serbia stirred the fires of irredentism in Croatia among the ethnic Serb minority living there in the 1980s and 1990s. Supranationalism (C) is the current global trend for many countries to join organizations for a common goal or good. The United Nations is a well-known supranational organization. Regionalism (D) often develops when a minority group forms a majority in one region of a country and identifies more closely with its group than with the country. War (E) is not promoted by a flag or national symbol. Such iconography may stir nationalism in times of war, but these items do not encourage or promote war in themselves.

Question 741

Question: 741

10. The birth rate of any country is greatly influenced by all the factors below EXCEPT

A. religious beliefs.
B. the age structure of population.
C. the government's population policies.
D. disease.
E. the sex structure of population.

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

D—While disease is a factor in the general health of a country's population, it is not an important influence on the birth rate. Religious beliefs (A), the age and sex composition of its population (B and E), and the population policies of the country (C) are the strongest influences on a country's birth rate.

Question 742

Question: 742

11. Which one of the following does NOT correctly characterize agribusiness?

A. A system
B. A set of relationships to organize food production from seed to loaf of bread
C. A large corporate entity
D. A global enterprise
E. A business enterprise driven by the fast food industry

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

C—Agribusiness is not a new or single corporate entity but rather a system (A) that involves a complex set of interrelationships to organize food production (B). It is a global enterprise (D) that is driven in large part by the global fast food industry (E), which requires low-priced farm products to be competitive and profitable.

Question 743

Question: 743

12. Which of the following statements correctly describes world population distribution?

A. World population is evenly distributed.
B. More than one-half the world's population lives between 60 degrees and 80 degrees north of the equator.
C. Less than half of the world's population lives north of the equator.
D. A large majority of the world's population lives on a small part of the world's surface.
E. The world's population increases sharply with an increase in surface elevation.

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

D—More than half of the world's population is concentrated on only 5 percent of the world's land area and two-thirds lives on only 10 percent of the land area. The world's population, in fact, is very unevenly distributed (A) with some parts of the world uninhabited and others very densely populated. The area between 60 degrees and 80 degrees north of the equator is sparsely inhabited because of a very cold climate (B). Over half the world's population lives north of the equator (C). The world's population drastically decreases in numbers with increases in elevation because of increasingly unfavorable living conditions (E).

Question 744

Question: 744

13. On which continent would you most likely find large statues of Christ (Cristo Rey) overlooking cities from hilltops such as the one shown in the photo below?

A. North America
B. South America
C. Europe
D. Asia
E. Australia

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

B—There are a number of large Christ the Redeemer (Cristo Rey) statues in South America usually placed on hillsides above cities. There is one in the United States and another in Europe, but the majority are found in South America and are a testament to the widespread Roman Catholic faith on that continent.

Question 745

Question: 745

14. The almost continuous strip of urban centers that extends along the US Atlantic coast from north of Boston to southern Virginia is commonly called

A. megalopolis.
B. megacity.
C. super city.
D. oligopolies.
E. triceratops.

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

A—Megalopolis refers to an almost 600-mile-long conurbation stretching from southern Maine to southern Virginia. Several cities and their industrial and market-oriented businesses make up this conurbation. Megacity (B) is a term created in the 1970s to apply to very large cities with a population of 10 million or more that many thought would overwhelm the world's resources. Supercity (C) is the term given to Auckland, New Zealand, by its residents as the city boundaries continue to extend into the neighboring hinterlands, swallowing nearby towns and smaller cities. There is no such term as oligopolis (D), and a triceratops (E) is a species of extinct dinosaur.

Question 746

Question: 746

15. Which of the following political state shapes would likely be the most efficient for transportation and communication?

A. Compact
B. Prorupt
C. Elongated
D. Fragmented
E. Perforated

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

A—A compact state would have lower transportation and communication costs within the state, leading to more efficient transportation and communication systems. This can lead to greater cohesion among its population. A prorupt state (B) is mainly compact with a narrow extension protruding out of it. An elongated state (C) is long and narrow like Chile or Norway. A fragmented state (D) is composed of more than one disconnected piece of territory. Examples include island states such as Indonesia and the Philippines, as well as states like Italy with regions on both the mainland and on islands. All these shapes of states can be expected to have less efficient transportation and communication systems than a compact state.

Question 747

Question: 747

1. Graveyards and cemeteries are NOT used by

A. Christians.
B. Jews.
C. Hindus.
D. Muslims.
E. Animists.

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

C—Both Hindu and Buddhist faiths cremate their dead and do not bury the deceased in graveyards or cemeteries. Christians (A), Jews (B), Muslims (D), and most animists (E) make use of graveyards and cemeteries for burial of their dead.

Question 748

Question: 748

2. A dress store, a shoe store, and a jewelry store located on the same block close to each other is an example of

A. purchasing power parity.
B. agglomeration.
C. deglomeration.
D. an urban heat island.
E. concentric zone.

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

B—Agglomeration is process in which businesses cluster together to take advantage of infrastructure or markets. These three stores would likely locate near one another to attract shoppers who might also be interested in their goods. Deglomeration (C) refers to the spreading out of businesses because of crowding and other negatives. Purchasing power parity (A) refers to a formula used to compare the value of a product in various countries. Urban heat islands (D) refer to the increase in temperatures found in urban areas because of increased pavement, population density, and industrial activity. Concentric zones (E) are neighboring zones radiating outward in rings. The concentric zone model was developed to explain the urban housing patterns in American cities in the 1920s.

Question 749

Question: 749

3. Which one of the following is NOT a common reason for state boundary disputes?

A. Resources
B. Territories
C. Linguistic differences
D. Documents defining boundaries
E. Exclusive economic zones (EEZs)

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

C—Linguistic differences are not generally enough to stimulate a heated boundary dispute. Boundary disputes between countries are usually over resources (A), territories they both claim (B), the interpretation of the legal documents that define the boundary between the two (D), or exclusive economic zones (EEZs) offshore (E).

Question 750

Question: 750

4. Which of the following central place functions is most likely to have the highest range of goods and also the highest threshold population?

A. A dry cleaner
B. A Chinese restaurant
C. An elementary school
D. A cancer treatment clinic
E. A flower shop

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

D—A central place function with a high range and high threshold would need a specialized group of customers and workers for its services. A cancer treatment clinic provides a special service to certain sick patients who would be willing to travel a great distance to receive their treatment. The other answer choices list services that would have a lower threshold population since they do not require as large a population in order to support their supply of services in their local community.

Question 751

Question: 751

5. The belief that people, not their surroundings, are the forces behind cultural development is called

A. environmental perception.
B. possibilism.
C. environmental determinism.
D. environmentalism.
E. a culture system.

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

B—Possibilism is the theory that humans have a choice in how they think, act, and live within a range of available possibilities given to them by their physical environment. Environmental perception (A) is the theory that people of different cultures look at their environments in different ways. Environmental determinism (C) is the belief that our environment influences and controls our actions, lifestyle, and culture. Environmentalism (D) is the movement to preserve and protect the physical environment from pollution and misuse by humans. A culture system (E) is a group of culture complexes that form the common identity of a group.

Question 752

Question: 752

6. The conflict in Kashmir is based on which type of boundary disagreement?

A. Fertile ground
B. Land use
C. Irredentism
D. Document interpretation
E. Immigration

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

C—The conflict in Kashmir is irredentist, therefore territorial in nature, as the Muslim majority in this Indian-controlled territory long to become part of Pakistan. Fertile ground (A) is a resource issue, land use (B), and immigration (E) are functional issues of contention on some borders, and document interpretation (D) is a boundary disagreement based on differing interpretations of how the boundary was defined in writing.

Question 753

Question: 753

7. Dishes, axes, knives, and toys are examples of

A. tools.
B. artifacts.
C. mentifacts.
D. sociofacts.
E. the built environment.

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

B—Artifacts are the material elements of a culture, such as tools, dishes, knives, toys, etc. Tools (A) do not include all the artifacts of a culture, such as toys. Mentifacts (C) are the core elements of a culture and remain relatively constant, evolving only very slowly over time. These include language, religion, and traditions. Sociofacts (D) are the connections between people in a culture and include religious, political, and educational institutions, as well as family and community linkages. The built environment (E) is the material culture of a group, including buildings, roads, and whatever humans have constructed in their environment.

Question 754

Question: 754

8. Which one of the following is an example of a vernacular region?

A. New Hampshire
B. Bible Belt
C. Urban zone of working and shopping for Pittsburgh
D. Little Italy
E. Texas

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

D—Little Italy is an urban ethnic community whose residents define themselves as Italian. Answer choices A, B, and E are formal regions defined by a political boundary (New Hampshire and Texas) or a cultural feature (Christianity). The urban working and shopping zone of Pittsburgh (C) is a functional region with a core and a periphery.

Question 755

Question: 755

9. Which urban model was developed to explain the patterns of American cities in the 1920s?

A. Concentric zone model
B. Central place model
C. Urban realms model
D. Sector model
E. Multiple-nuclei model

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

A—The concentric zone model depicts the city as a set of rings radiating out from the CBD and was developed to explain the social patterns of American cities in the 1920s. The central place model (B) was developed by German geographer Walter Christaller in 1933 to explain the patterns and distributions of settlements as they are interconnected with their surrounding hinterlands. The urban realms model (C) is an economic model that states an urban resident's life is mainly lived in one realm within the urban environment. The sector model (D) views urban housing like spokes radiating from a central hub. It states that new housing for the wealthy extends outward on its original axis from the city as it grows, middle-income housing extends in the same way next to higher-income sectors, and lower-income housing fills in the gaps. The multiple-nuclei model (E) states that large cities spread out from several nodes of growth, not just one.

Question 756

Question: 756

10. A suburb is

A. often characterized by sprawl.
B. the same thing as central city.
C. a conurbation.
D. exclusively residential.
E. separate and not integrated with urban areas nearby.

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

A—Suburbs are often characterized by "sprawl" or a tendency to spread over time. Central city (B) refers to the central business district (CBD) that is found at the heart of every city. A conurbation (C) is a continuous urban area that has grown to consume what were once separate cities. Many suburbs contain shopping and other facilities as well as homes (D). Suburbs are generally on the outskirts of metropolitan areas and are well integrated with them (E).

Question 757

Question: 757

11. Which one of the following statements does NOT correctly describe truck farming?

A. It is the main type of farming in Georgia and Florida.
B. Truck farm produce is shipped long distances.
C. Truck farming employs low-cost labor.
D. Mechanization is rarely used.
E. Highly perishable crops like lettuce and strawberries are common.

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

D—The large-scale agribusinesses that dominate truck farming are highly mechanized. Machinery is used to plant, irrigate, and harvest the crop. Truck farming is big business in California, Florida, and in southeastern states such as Georgia (A). Produce grown on truck farms is often shipped to areas where these crops cannot be grown as easily, if at all (B). Large-scale commercialized farms employ migrant workers who are less costly (C). Perishable fruit and vegetable crops are common crops of truck farming (E).

Question 758

Question: 758

12. Which of the following national capitals is NOT a forward-thrust capital?

A. Brasilia, Brazil
B. Abuja, Nigeria
C. Islamabad, Pakistan
D. Paris, France
E. Astana, Kazakhstan

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

D—Paris, France, is not a forward-thrust capital. All the other answer choices list forward-thrust capitals located on a frontier as a magnet for development or on a contested border as a stance of power.

Question 759

Question: 759

13. Which economic sector of the city furnishes goods and services to the larger economy outside the city?

A. Basic
B. Non-basic
C. White collar
D. Suburban
E. Blue collar

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

A—Basic jobs in a city's economy generate income for the city by producing goods or services for "export" out of the city. Non-basic jobs (B) provide services to the city's workers and do not usually generate "new" income for the city. White-collar jobs (C) are desk jobs or clerical jobs that require more mental and less physical activity than blue-collar (E), or physical jobs. Suburban (D) refers to the residential communities surrounding American cities and not to an economic sector.

Question 760

Question: 760

14. The attachments we have to a specific location and its characteristics is called

A. placelessness.
B. sense of place.
C. location.
D. cultural landscape.
E. connectivity.

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

B—A sense of place is the feelings of attachment we have to a specific location. Placelessness (A) refers to the absence of distinct characteristics that might make a location special or unique. Location (C) is a description of where a place is. The cultural landscape (D) defines the Earth's surface as modified by human hands. Connectivity (E) refers to the tangible (highway systems) and intangible (radio waves) ways that places are connected.

Question 761

Question: 761

15. The charter group of Quebec, Canada, was the

A. British.
B. Germans.
C. French.
D. Irish.
E. Spanish.

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

C—A charter group is the first ethnic group to arrive and start the first effective settlement in a new area. They establish the recognized cultural norms that groups arriving later must follow. The French came to Quebec, Canada, during the seventeenth century to establish a fur trade with the Native Americans and to spread the Catholic faith. Today 75 percent of Quebec's population is of French lineage. Quebec maintains a distinctive Francophone identity distinct from the rest of Canada.

Question 762

Question: 762

1. Which model below is based on the assumption that growth happens around several major foci, not just the CBD?

A. Central place model
B. Concentric zone model
C. Urban realms model
D. Sector model
E. Multiple-nuclei model

Correct Answer: E

Explanation:

E—The multiple-nuclei model states that large cities spread out from several nodes of growth, not just one. The central place model (B) was developed by German geographer Walter Christaller in 1933 to explain the patterns and distributions of settlements as they are interconnected with their surrounding hinterlands. The concentric zone model (B) depicts the city as a set of rings radiating out from the CBD and was developed to explain the social patterns of American cities in the 1920s. The urban realms model (C) is an economic model that states an urban resident's life is mainly lived in one realm within the urban environment. The sector model (D) views urban housing like spokes radiating from a central hub (the CBD). It states that new housing for the wealthy extends outward on its original axis from the city as it grows, middle-income housing extends in the same way next to the higher-income sector, and lower-income housing fills in the gaps.

Question 763

Question: 763

2. Which one of the following economic activities is primary?

A. Pottery production
B. Electronic assembly
C. Hydroelectric production
D. Mining
E. Selling items on eBay

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

D—Primary activities such as mining, agriculture, fishing, forestry, and quarrying, involve humans harvesting crops or removing materials from the earth. Pottery production (A), electronic assembly (B), and hydroelectric production (C) are secondary activities that add value to the original material. Internet sales (E) and other retail and wholesale activities involving the business, financial, professional, or clerical sectors are tertiary activities.

Question 764

Question: 764

3. Population growth reflects all of the following factors EXCEPT

A. birth rates.
B. death rates.
C. migration.
D. age structure.
E. calculation of the doubling time.

Correct Answer: E

Explanation:

E—Doubling time is calculated by dividing the country's growth rate (as a percent) into 70. These calculations should never be relied on to accurately predict the future size of a population. Birth rates (A), death rates (B), migration (C), and age structure (D) are all important factors affecting the growth of a population.

Question 765

Question: 765

4. Which country below has the highest concentration of Buddhists?

A. Brazil
B. Vietnam
C. France
D. Russia
E. Iran

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

B—Vietnam practices the Mahayana, the most dominant form of Buddhism. Buddhism diffused to Vietnam during the second century B.C. from India, China, and Central Asia. The other answer choices list countries with only very small minorities of Buddhists. Brazil (A) is a Roman Catholic country. France (C) is nominally Roman Catholic, although in reality it is a very secular country (recent polls show most French seldom attend church). About 80 percent of the Russian population (D) belongs to the Russian Orthodox church, but the Muslim population is rapidly increasing and Islam is Russia's second largest religion. Iran (E) is a Shi'ite Muslim country.

Question 766

Question: 766

5. What type of land use would you expect to find near the railroad yards?

A. A Macy's department store
B. A Walmart
C. The Wells Fargo Bank headquarters
D. A steel mill
E. A penthouse apartment

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

D—You would expect to see a steel mill near a railroad yard for cargo reception and product transport. The other choices would not typically be found near a railroad yard.

Question 767

Question: 767

6. Which region of China marked on the map above has the highest population density?

A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
E. E

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

C—The eastern coastal region of China has a population density of over 400 per square kilometer—twice the density of the second-highest which is the central region. The arid basins and deserts of western China (A) and the high, cold mountains of the Tibetan Plateau (E) have very low population densities of less than 10 people per kilometer. Regions B and D represent regions of intermediate population densities.

Question 768

Question: 768

7. In which region of China are the special economic zones (SEZ's) located?

A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
E. E

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

C—The Special Economic Zones (SEZs) of China's east coast enjoy relaxed trade laws that stimulate China's economy.

Question 769

Question: 769

8. The latitude and longitude coordinates of a place refer to its

A. absolute location.
B. relative location.
C. distance.
D. situation.
E. scale.

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

A—Latitude and longitude are the exact location of a place on the Earth's surface in degrees, minutes, and seconds and represent its absolute location. Relative location (B) refers to where a place is in relation to other places. Distance (C) is the space between two points on the Earth's surface, and situation (D) is the relative location of a place in terms of its physical and cultural features. Scale (E) is the frame of reference for studying something. It is also the size of a unit on a map as a ratio to the same number of units on the Earth's surface.

Question 770

Question: 770

9. Total fertility rates

A. are increasing in most European countries.
B. are increasing in Asian countries.
C. slightly higher than two are at replacement level.
D. reflect biological constraints.
E. reflect the level of industrialization in a country.

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

C—Total fertility rates of 2.1 to 2.3 are required to replace a country's population and have been declining steadily in both European (A) and Asian (B) countries over the last decades. The total fertility rate reflects the cultural values of a country and the reproductive behaviors of its women. It does not directly reflect either biological constraints (D) or the level of industrialization (E).

Question 771

Question: 771

10. The worldwide trend towards using biofuels has caused all the following to occur EXCEPT

A. a decrease in use of fossil fuels.
B. a rise in global food prices.
C. the conversion of small farms to large monoculture plantations.
D. violence.
E. the eviction of small farmers.

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

A—The development of biofuels has not caused a decrease in the use of fossil fuels as hoped; worldwide consumption of fossil fuels continues to grow, although at a slower pace than it would if biofuels had not been developed. However, the development of biofuels has caused a rise in global food prices as some farmland that used to grow food now produces crops for biofuels (B). In some parts of the world, the transfer of farmland to the production of crops for biofuels has also resulted in the conversion of small farms to large monoculture plantations (C), violence (D), and the eviction of small farmers (E).

Question 772

Question: 772

11. Which one of the following factors has NOT contributed to the explosive spread of infectious disease?

A. World trade expansion
B. Increased investment in sanitation and healthcare
C. Migration
D. Growing global tourism
E. Rapid population growth

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

B—Increased investment in sanitation and government healthcare programs and has worked to decrease the spread of infectious diseases like pneumonia and malaria. The other factors have all contributed to the global spread of infectious disease by increasing contact between people throughout the world.

Question 773

Question: 773

12. A group of people with a common culture and history who occupy an area are called

A. a state.
B. a country.
C. a nation.
D. a political state.
E. a nation-state.

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

C—A nation is a group of people with a common culture and history who occupy an area. A state (A) is a political entity that occupies a definite territory with borders and full sovereignty. A country (B) is synonymous with a state. A political state is another term for a state (D). A nation-state (E) is a state with only one nation of people within its borders.

Question 774

Question: 774

13. The outer boundary of a linguistic feature on a map is called

A. an isogloss.
B. a dialect.
C. a toponym.
D. a vernacular.
E. a creole.

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

A—An isogloss is the geographic boundary limit for a linguistic trait. An example is the geographic boundary between the US region where the word "hoagie" is used and the word "grinder" is used. Dialects (B) are different spoken regional versions of the same language. They usually vary in pronunciation, rhythm, and speed. A toponym (C) is a place name such as Cropp's Corners or Oil City. Vernacular (D) refers to the local, nonstandard language spoken in a place. Creole (E) is a language that began as a pidgin language and graduated to a permanent language.

Question 775

Question: 775

14. The relationship between the size or length of a map attribute and the same attribute on Earth's surface is called a

A. mental map.
B. projection.
C. scale.
D. density.
E. model.

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

C—Scale is the relationship between the size of an element on the map and the same element on the Earth's surface. A mental map (A) refers to the images in one's mind about an area. A projection (B) is the method used to represent the Earth's curved surface on a flat piece of paper (map). Density (D) is defined as the quantity of something per unit on a map. A model (E) is a simplified representation of reality and is used often in human geography to study cause-and-effect relationships.

Question 776

Question: 776

15. Which of the following jobs would NOT be considered a quaternary economic activity?

A. IRS employee
B. College professor
C. Insurance salesman
D. Computer programmer
E. Research scientist

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

C—Sales jobs are a tertiary economic activity. All the other answer choices list "white collar" and professional jobs in the quaternary sector.